Dependency criterion based brain pathological age estimation of Alzheimer's disease patients with MR scans

Abstract

Objectives: Traditional brain age estimation methods are based on the idea that uses the real age as the training label. However, these methods ignore that there is a deviation between the real age and the brain age due to the accelerated brain aging.

Methods: This paper considers this deviation and obtains it by maximizing the correlation between the estimated brain age and the class label rather than by minimizing the difference between the estimated brain age and the real age. Firstly, set the search range of the deviation as the deviation candidates according to the prior knowledge. Secondly, use the support vector regression as the age estimation model to minimize the difference between the estimated age and the real age plus deviation rather than the real age itself. Thirdly, design the fitness function based on the correlation criterion. Fourthly, conduct age estimation on the validation dataset using the trained age estimation model, put the estimated age into the fitness function, and obtain the fitness value of the deviation candidate. Fifthly, repeat the iteration until all the deviation candidates are involved and get the optimal deviation with maximum fitness values. The real age plus the optimal deviation is taken as the brain pathological age.

Results: The experimental results showed that the separability of the samples was apparently improved. For normal control- Alzheimer's disease (NC-AD), normal control- mild cognition impairment (NC-MCI), and mild cognition impairment-Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD), the average improvements were 0.164 (31.66%), 0.1284 (34.29%), and 0.0206 (7.1%), respectively. For NC-MCI-AD, the average improvement was 0.2002 (50.39%). The estimated brain pathological age could be not only more helpful for the classification of AD but also more precisely reflect the accelerated brain aging.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper proposes a new kind of brain age-brain pathological age and offers an estimation method for it that can distinguish different states of AD, thereby better reflecting accelerated brain aging. Besides, the brain pathological age is most helpful for feature reduction, thereby simplifying the relevant classification algorithm.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Brain age estimation; Brain pathological age; Classification; Correlation criterion; Magnetic resonance imaging; Support vector regression.

Fig. 1

Flowchart of Path_brainAge_estima

Fig. 2

Averages values of $w,q$ in the two-class problem. $w$ is the deviation between the real age and the brain pathological age of the class 1 samples. $q$ is the deviation between the real age and the brain pathological age of the class 2 samples

Fig. 3

Averages of $w,q$ and $r$ in the three-class problem. $w$ is the deviation between the real age and the brain pathological age of the class 1 samples. $q$ is the deviation between the real age and the brain pathological age of the class 2 samples. $r$ is the deviation between the real age and the brain pathological age of the class 3 samples

Fig. 4

Correlation of test samples based on estimated brain age by different methods. (1) two class; (2) three class