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. 2017 Apr 25;22(5):683.
doi: 10.3390/molecules22050683.

Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana

Renyue Yang  1 , Ping Li  2 , Nana Li  3 , Qian Zhang  4 , Xue Bai  5 , Lishuo Wang  6 , Yiying Xiao  7 , Lirong Sun  8 , Quan Yang  9 , Jian Yan  10
Affiliations

Xanthones from the Pericarp of Garcinia mangostana

Renyue Yang et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is one of the most popular tropical fruits (called the "Queen of Fruits"), and is a rich source of oxygenated and prenylated xanthone derivatives. In the present work, phytochemical investigation has resulted in one new prenylated xanthone and 13 known xanthones isolated from the pericarp of G. mangostana. Their structures were established by spectroscopic data analysis, including X-ray diffraction. The new one was further tested for cytotoxic activity against seven cancer cell lines (CNE-1, CNE-2, A549, H490, PC-3, SGC-7901, U87), displaying the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅0) values 3.35, 4.01, 4.84, 7.84, 6.21, 8.09, and 6.39 μM, respectively. It is noteworthy that the new compound can promote CNE-2 cells apoptosis in late stage, having a remarkable inhibition effect on the side population growth of CNE-2 at 1.26 μM. The bioactive compound was also detected in extract from fresh mangosteen flesh, which indicated that the popular fruit could have potential cytotoxic activity for cancer cell lines.

Keywords: Garcinia mangostana; cell lines; cytotoxic; xanthone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of xanthones 1–14 isolated from Garcinia mangostana L.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Identification of chemical structure of compound 1 from G. mangostana. (A) Selected heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) correlations (H → C) of 1 and (B) X-ray crystallographic analysis of 1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Compound 1 can promote CNE-2 cell apoptosis. Cells were labeled with Annexin-Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Propidium Iodide (PI), and analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM): (A) untreated; (B) treated with 6.34 μM for 72 h; (C) Effects of compound 1 on apoptosis in CNE-2 cell. Q2 and Q4 stand for late stage and early stage, respectively. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared with the control group. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). n = 3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Compound 1 effect of side population growth CNE-2. (A) Compound 1 inhibited side population growth in a concentration-dependent manner as determined by FCM analysis. (B) The inhibition was visualized by adding Annexin-FITC and PI at different concentrations. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. n = 3.
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