Incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of systemic malignancy: a population-based study

Abstract

Background: Brain metastases are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Population-level data describing the incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases are lacking. The aim of this study was to characterize the incidence and prognosis of patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of systemic malignancy using recently released data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program.

Methods: We identified 1302166 patients with diagnoses of nonhematologic malignancies originating outside of the CNS between 2010 and 2013 and described the incidence proportion and survival of patients with brain metastases.

Results: We identified 26430 patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of cancer. Patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer displayed the highest rates of identified brain metastases at diagnosis; among patients presenting with metastatic disease, patients with melanoma (28.2%), lung adenocarcinoma (26.8%), non-small cell lung cancer not otherwise specified/other lung cancer (25.6%), small cell lung cancer (23.5%), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (15.9%), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (15.5%), and renal cancer (10.8%) had an incidence proportion of identified brain metastases of >10%. Patients with brain metastases secondary to prostate cancer, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, and breast cancer displayed the longest median survival (12.0, 10.0, and 10.0 months, respectively).

Conclusions: In this study we provide generalizable estimates of the incidence and prognosis for patients with brain metastases at diagnosis of a systemic malignancy. These data may allow for appropriate utilization of brain-directed imaging as screening for subpopulations with cancer and have implications for clinical trial design and counseling of patients regarding prognosis.

Keywords: SEER; brain metastases; incidence; prognosis; survival.

Fig. 1

Incidence proportion of patients diagnosed with brain metastases within entire cohort (A) and subset with metastatic disease (B), and median survival of patients with identified brain metastases (C), by primary cancer site. Patients not depicted in the Figure had lower incidence proportion (A, B) or median survival (C) than threshold for presentation. Abbreviations: BAC = bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, NSCLC = non–small cell lung cancer, NOS = not otherwise specified.