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. 2017 Apr 29;4(4):CD011851.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011851.pub2.

Mobile phone text messaging to improve medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Alma J Adler  1 , Nicole Martin  2 , Javier Mariani  3 , Carlos D Tajer  4 , Onikepe O Owolabi  5 , Caroline Free  6 , Norma C Serrano  7 , Juan P Casas  2 , Pablo Perel  8
Affiliations

Mobile phone text messaging to improve medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Alma J Adler et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Worldwide at least 100 million people are thought to have prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD). This population has a five times greater chance of suffering a recurrent cardiovascular event than people without known CVD. Secondary CVD prevention is defined as action aimed to reduce the probability of recurrence of such events. Drug interventions have been shown to be cost-effective in reducing this risk and are recommended in international guidelines. However, adherence to recommended treatments remains sub-optimal. In order to influence non-adherence, there is a need to develop scalable and cost-effective behaviour-change interventions.

Objectives: To assess the effects of mobile phone text messaging in patients with established arterial occlusive events on adherence to treatment, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, and adverse effects.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, the Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science on Web of Science on 7 November 2016, and two clinical trial registers on 12 November 2016. We contacted authors of included studies for missing information and searched reference lists of relevant papers. We applied no language or date restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included randomised trials with at least 50% of the participants with established arterial occlusive events. We included trials investigating interventions using short message service (SMS) or multimedia messaging service (MMS) with the aim to improve adherence to medication for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Eligible comparators were no intervention or other modes of communication.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. In addition, we attempted to contact all authors on how the SMS were developed.

Main results: We included seven trials (reported in 13 reports) with 1310 participants randomised. Follow-up ranged from one month to 12 months. Due to heterogeneity in the methods, population and outcome measures, we were unable to conduct meta-analysis on these studies. All seven studies reported on adherence, but using different methods and scales. Six out of seven trials showed a beneficial effect of mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence. Dale 2015a, reported significantly greater medication adherence score in the intervention group (Mean Difference (MD) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 to 0.97; 123 participants randomised) at six months. Khonsari 2015 reported less adherence in the control group (Relative Risk (RR) 4.09, 95% CI 1.82 to 9.18; 62 participants randomised) at eight weeks. Pandey 2014 (34 participants randomised) assessed medication adherence through self-reported logs with 90% adherence in the intervention group compared to 70% in the control group at 12 months. Park 2014a (90 participants randomised) reported a greater increase of the medication adherence score in the control group, but also measured adherence with an event monitoring system for a number of medications with adherence levels ranging from 84.1% adherence to 86.2% in the intervention group and 79.7% to 85.7% in the control group at 30 days. Quilici 2013, reported reduced odds of non-adherence in the intervention group (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.86, 521 participants randomised) at 30 days. Fang 2016, reported that participants given SMS alone had reduced odds of being non-adherent compared to telephone reminders (OR 0.40 95% CI 0.18 to 0.63; 280 patients randomised). Kamal 2015 reported higher levels of adherence in the intervention arm (adjusted MD 0.54, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.85; 200 participants randomised). Khonsari 2015 was the only study to report fatal cardiovascular events and only reported two events, both in the control arm. No study reported on the other primary outcomes. No study reported repetitive thumb injury or road traffic crashes or other adverse events that were related to the intervention.Four authors replied to our questionnaire on SMS development. No study reported examining causes of non-adherence or provided SMS tailored to individual patient characteristics.The included studies were small, heterogeneous and included participants recruited directly after acute events. All studies were assessed as having high risk of bias across at least one domain. Most of the studies came from high-income countries, with two studies conducted in an upper middle-income country (China, Malaysia), and one study from a lower middle-income country (Pakistan). The quality of the evidence was found to be very low. There was no obvious conflicts of interest from authors, although only two declared their funding.

Authors' conclusions: While the results of this systematic review are promising, there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of text message-based interventions for adherence to medications for secondary prevention of CVD. Sufficiently powered, high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

AJA: nothing to declare. NM: nothing to declare. JM: nothing to declare. CT: has collaborated with Bristol Myers Squibb and Pfizer to provide expert testimony and lectures. These have been unrelated to the subject matter of this review. OO: nothing to declare. CF: I am a co‐applicant on a global health MRC UK grant and have worked on the development of interventions for Colombia and the UK on the topic of SMS as intervention to improve adherence to medications in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. NS: nothing to declare. JPC: I am a co‐applicant in two grants (one from UK and one from Colombia) in the topic of SMS as intervention to improve adherence to medications in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. PP: I am the principal investigator for a study developing and piloting an mHealth intervention to increase adherence for cardiovascular secondary prevention interventions.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Dale 2015a {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000901707. Text4Heart: A text message and internet‐based comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation intervention. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12613000901707.aspx (accessed 20 January 2016).
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Fang 2016 {published data only}
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Kamal 2015 {published data only}
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Khonsari 2015 {published data only}
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Pandey 2014 {published data only}
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Park 2014a {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12611000388910 {published data only}
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ACTRN12611001196932 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611001196932. Using telephone and text‐messaging to improve an integrated cardiac and diabetes self‐management program: A cross cultural international collaborative project. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611001196932.aspx (accessed 20 January 2016).
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Bendelac 2014 {published data only}
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Blasco 2012 {published data only}
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Bobrow 2016 {published data only}
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Boroumand 2016 {published data only}
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Capomolla 2005 {published data only}
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Dale 2015c {published data only}
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de Jongh 2012 {published data only}
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Frederix 2015 {published data only}
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Gill 2013 {published data only}
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Goldstein 2014 {published data only}
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Golshahi 2015 {published data only}
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Hickey 2016 {published data only}
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Karanam 2012 {published data only}
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Karhula 2015 {published data only}
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Kashem 2006 {published data only}
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Kashem 2008 {published data only}
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Kulshreshtha 2010 {published data only}
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Lambert‐Kerzner 2012 {published data only}
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Lauffenburger 2016 {published data only}
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Liew 2009 {published data only}
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Lounsbury 2015 {published data only}
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Maddison 2015 {published data only}
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Mortara 2006 {published data only}
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NCT01752192 {published data only}
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NCT02377960 {published data only}
    1. NCT02377960. Check and support ‐ enhancing the treatment of hypertension in outpatient care, a multicenter study. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02377960 (accessed 20 January 2016).
Owolabi 2014 {published data only}
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Patel 2013 {published data only}
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Patnaik 2014 {published data only}
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Petrella 2014 {published data only}
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Piette 2015 {published data only}
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Seto 2012 {published data only}
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Tulder 2014 {published data only}
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Varleta 2014 {published data only}
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Varnfield 2012 {published data only}
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Varnfield 2014 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12616000422426 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12616000422426. Text4Heart Partnership: a text messaging program to enhance self‐management of cardiovascular disease [Text messaging to enhance self‐management of cardiovascular disease]. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370398 (first received 23 March 2016).
Chow 2015 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000161921. Tobacco, EXercise and dieT MEssages (TEXT ME): The effect of semi‐personalised lifestyle reminder text message intervention on cardiovascular disease risk. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000161921.aspx (accessed 20 January 2016).
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NCT01642355 {published data only}
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NCT02336919 {published data only}
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NCT02354040 {published data only}
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NCT02783287 {published data only}
    1. NCT02783287. The impact of text messaging on medication adherence and exercise regimen among post‐myocardial infarction patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02783287 (first received 7 January 2016).
NCT02883842 {published data only}
    1. NCT02883842. China PEACE 3: Cardiovascular Health And Texting‐Diabetes Mellitus (CHAT‐DM) Study [Effect of text messaging on risk factors control and medication adherence among patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes in China: Cardiovascular Health And Texting‐Diabetes Mellitus (CHAT‐DM) Trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02883842 (first received 24 August 2016).
NCT02888769 {published data only}
    1. NCT02888769. China PEACE 3: Cardiovascular Health And Texting (CHAT) Study [Effect of text messaging on risk factors control and medication adherence among coronary heart disease patients without diabetes in China: Cardiovascular Health And Texting (CHAT) Trial]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02888769 (first received 23 August 2016).

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References to other published versions of this review

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