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. 2017 May;151(5):929-940.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.027.

Relationships among nasal resistance, adenoids, tonsils, and tongue posture and maxillofacial form in Class II and Class III children

Tomonori Iwasaki  1 , Hideo Sato  2 , Hokuto Suga  2 , Yoshihiko Takemoto  2 , Emi Inada  2 , Issei Saitoh  3 , Eriko Kakuno  4 , Ryuzo Kanomi  4 , Youichi Yamasaki  2
Affiliations

Relationships among nasal resistance, adenoids, tonsils, and tongue posture and maxillofacial form in Class II and Class III children

Tomonori Iwasaki et al. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017 May.

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationships between upper airway factors (nasal resistance, adenoids, tonsils, and tongue posture) and maxillofacial forms in Class II and III children.

Methods: Sixty-four subjects (mean age, 9.3 years) with malocclusion were divided into Class II and Class III groups by ANB angles. Nasal resistance was calculated using computational fluid dynamics from cone-beam computed tomography data. Adenoids, tonsils, and tongue posture were evaluated in the cone-beam computed tomography images. The groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests and Student t tests. The Spearman rank correlations test assessed the relationships between the upper airway factors and maxillofacial form.

Results: Nasal resistance of the Class II group was significantly larger than that of the Class III group (P = 0.005). Nasal resistance of the Class II group was significantly correlated with inferior tongue posture (P <0.001) and negatively correlated with intermolar width (P = 0.028). Tonsil size of the Class III group was significantly correlated with anterior tongue posture (P <0.001) and mandibular incisor anterior position (P = 0.007). Anterior tongue posture of the Class III group was significantly correlated with mandibular protrusion.

Conclusions: The relationships of upper airway factors differ between Class II and Class III children.

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Comment in

  • Authors' response.
    Iwasaki T, Sato H, Suga H, Takemoto Y, Inada E, Saitoh I, Kakuno E, Kanomi R, Yamasaki Y. Iwasaki T, et al. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017 Oct;152(4):442-443. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.07.001. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017. PMID: 28962718 No abstract available.
  • Upper airway differences between Class II and Class III children.
    Cao L. Cao L. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017 Oct;152(4):442. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.07.002. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017. PMID: 28962719 No abstract available.