Activation and transduction of c-mil sequences in chicken neuroretina cells induced to proliferate by infection with avian lymphomatosis virus

Abstract

We report that nondividing neuroretina cells from chicken embryos can be induced to proliferate following infection with Rous-associated virus type 1 (RAV-1), an avian lymphomatosis retrovirus lacking transforming genes. Multiplication of RAV-1-infected neuroretina cells is observed after a long latency period and takes place initially in a small number of cells. We also show that serial virus passaging onto fresh neuroretina cultures leads to the generation of novel mitogenic viruses containing the mil oncogene. DNA analysis indicated that RAV-1 is the only provirus detected in cells infected at virus passage 1, whereas neuroretina cells infected at subsequent virus passages harbor mil-containing proviruses. Three viruses, designated IC1, IC2, and IC3, were molecularly cloned. Restriction mapping indicated that in each virus, truncated c-mil sequences were inserted within different portions of the RAV-1 genome. In addition, IC1 and IC2 viruses have transduced novel sequences that belong to the 3' noncoding portion of the c-mil locus. All three viruses induce neuroretina cell multiplication and direct the synthesis of mil-specific proteins. Proliferation of neuroretina cells infected at passage 1 of RAV-1 was not associated with any detectable rearrangement of c-mil, when a v-mil probe was used. However, these cells expressed high levels of an aberrant 2.8-kilobase mRNA hybridizing to mil but not to a long terminal repeat probe. Therefore, transcriptional activation of a portion of c-mil could represent the initial events induced by RAV-1 infection and lead to retroviral transduction of activated c-mil sequences.