Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Extract Inhibits Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion, Invasion, and Intracellular Survival in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has an ability to invade nonprofessional phagocytic cells, resulting in persistent infections and most likely host cell death. Series of our studies have claimed pronounced antibacterial efficacy of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract. This study was to further investigate potency of the extract in intracellular killing of human HaCaT keratinocytes. Pretreatment of MRSA with the extract resulted in a remarkable reduction in the bacterial adhesion to HaCaT keratinocytes, compared with untreated control (p < 0.001). In addition, at least 60% inhibition of the bacterial invasion into HaCaT cells was observed. Intracellular killing assay demonstrated that the extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity against intracellular MRSA at nontoxic concentrations (128 mg/L), which may have resulted from the increase in bactericidal activity under phagolysosomal pH. Transmission electron microscopy displayed the effects of the extract on alterations in the bacterial cell morphology with cell lysis. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the extract decreased MRSA-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells. In addition, cytotoxicity of HaCaT cells caused by MRSA supernatant was reduced at least 50% by the extract. The potential activities of R. tomentosa extract may be useful in an alternative treatment of MRSA infections in slight acidic compartments, particularly skin infections.

Keywords: HaCaT keratinocytes; MRSA; Rhodomyrtus tomentosa extract; adhesion; intracellular killing; invasion.