A link between damaging behaviour in pigs, sanitary conditions, and dietary protein and amino acid supply

Abstract

The tendency to reduce crude protein (CP) levels in pig diets to increase protein efficiency may increase the occurrence of damaging behaviours such as ear and tail biting, particularly for pigs kept under suboptimal health conditions. We studied, in a 2×2×2 factorial design, 576 tail-docked growing-finishing entire male pigs in 64 pens, subjected to low (LSC) vs. high sanitary conditions (HSC), and fed a normal CP (NP) vs. a low CP diet (LP, 80% of NP) ad libitum, with a basal amino acid (AA) profile or supplemented AA profile with extra threonine, tryptophan and methionine. The HSC pigs were vaccinated in the first nine weeks of life and received antibiotics at arrival at experimental farm at ten weeks, after which they were kept in a disinfected part of the farm with a strict hygiene protocol. The LSC pigs were kept on the same farm in non-disinfected pens to which manure from another pig farm was introduced fortnightly. At 15, 18, and 24 weeks of age, prevalence of tail and ear damage and of tail and ear wounds was scored. At 20 and 23 weeks of age, frequencies of biting behaviour and aggression were scored for 10×10 min per pen per week. The prevalence of ear damage during the finisher phase (47 vs. 32% of pigs, P < 0.0001) and the frequency of ear biting (1.3 vs. 1.2 times per hour, P = 0.03) were increased in LSC compared with HSC pigs. This effect on ear biting was diet dependent, however, the supplemented AA profile reduced ear biting only in LSC pigs by 18% (SC × AA profile, P < 0.01). The prevalence of tail wounds was lower for pigs in LSC (13 ± 0.02) than for pigs in HSC (0.22 ± 0.03) in the grower phase (P < 0.007). Regardless of AA profile or sanitary status, LP pigs showed more ear biting (+20%, P < 0.05), tail biting (+25%, P < 0.10), belly nosing (+152%, P < 0.01), other oral manipulation directed at pen mates (+13%, P < 0.05), and aggression (+30%, P < 0.01) than NP pigs, with no effect on ear or tail damage. In conclusion, both low sanitary conditions and a reduction of dietary protein increase the occurrence of damaging behaviours in pigs and therefore may negatively impact pig welfare. Attention should be paid to the impact of dietary nutrient composition on pig behaviour and welfare, particularly when pigs are kept under suboptimal (sanitary) conditions.

Fig 1. Frequency of ear biting in pigs kept under different sanitary conditions and fed a diet with either a low or normal dietary protein level and a basal or supplemented amino acid profile.

Ear biting was recorded during live ad libitum sampling for 100 min per pen in total. The bars represent the raw means per treatment group ± standard error of the mean. LSC = low sanitary conditions, HSC = high sanitary conditions, LP = low dietary crude protein level (white bars). NP = normal dietary crude protein level (grey bars), AA-B = basal dietary amino acid profile (striped bars), AA-S = supplemented dietary amino acid profile containing 20% more Met, Thr, and Trp compared with the basal profile (dotted bars), SC = sanitary conditions, AA = amino acid profile.

Fig 2. Behaviour of pigs during the grower and finisher phase for pigs fed diets with low (LP) or normal (NP) crude protein level.

⁺ P < 0.10, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.