Diversity-oriented sustainable synthesis of antimicrobial spiropyrrolidine/thiapyrrolizidine oxindole derivatives: New ligands for a metallo-β-lactamase from Klebsiella pneumonia

Abstract

A simple, environmentally benign and highly proficient microwave assisted one-pot approach for the synthesis of antimicrobial spiropyrrolidine/thiapyrrolizidine oxindole derivatives is reported assembling two pharmacophoric moieties (1,3-indanedione and pyrrolidine/thiapyrrolizidine) in a single molecular framework via three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of substituted isatin, sarcosine/1,3-thiazoles-4-carboxylic acid and Knoevenagel adduct (2-Cyano-3-phenyl-acrylic acid ethyl ester or 2-Benzylidene-malononitrile) in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as a reusable green solvent. Good functional group tolerance and broad scope of usable substrates are other prominent features of the present methodology with high degree of chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. The stereochemistry of synthesized compounds was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. All the synthetic compounds were examined for their antimicrobial potential. The synthesized compounds having pyrrolothiazole moiety showed excellent activity against K. pneumoniae as compared to others and even more inhibitory activity than the mentioned drugs, i.e. compounds 6a (MIC=0.09μg/mL), 6b (MIC=0.045μg/mL), 6c (MIC=0.005μg/mL), 6d (MIC=0.19μg/mL). Additionally, compound 6c has shown better binding affinity against New Delhi Metallo-beta-Lactamase-1 (NDM-1) protein in computational docking studies.

Keywords: 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol; Antibacterial activity; Antimicrobial; K. pneumoniae; New Delhi Metallo-beta-Lactamase-1 (NDM-1); Spiro[indolin-3,5′-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole] microwaves; Spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidines].