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. 2017 May 10;14(5):508.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph14050508.

Spatial Analysis of Ambient PM2.5 Exposure and Bladder Cancer Mortality in Taiwan

Hsin-Ling Yeh  1 , Shang-Wei Hsu  2 , Yu-Chia Chang  3 , Ta-Chien Chan  4 , Hui-Chen Tsou  5 , Yen-Chen Chang  6 , Po-Huang Chiang  7   8
Affiliations

Spatial Analysis of Ambient PM2.5 Exposure and Bladder Cancer Mortality in Taiwan

Hsin-Ling Yeh et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an air pollutant that is receiving intense regulatory attention in Taiwan. In previous studies, the effect of air pollution on bladder cancer has been explored. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of atmospheric PM2.5 and other local risk factors on bladder cancer mortality based on available 13-year mortality data. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to estimate and interpret the spatial variability of the relationships between bladder cancer mortality and ambient PM2.5 concentrations, and other variables were covariates used to adjust for the effect of PM2.5. After applying a GWR model, the concentration of ambient PM2.5 showed a positive correlation with bladder cancer mortality in males in northern Taiwan and females in most of the townships in Taiwan. This is the first time PM2.5 has been identified as a risk factor for bladder cancer based on the statistical evidence provided by GWR analysis.

Keywords: Bladder Cancer; Geographic Information Systems; air pollution; fine particles; smoking.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Temporal trend of age-adjusted mortality of bladder cancer in Taiwan, 2000–2012 (Performs chi-squared test for trend in proportions).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Spatio-temporal distribution of bladder cancer age-adjusted mortality rates with ring map in city or county level during 2000–2012. (A) Male (B) Female.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The residual maps for bladder cancer age-adjusted mortality rates by geographically weighted regression from 2000 to 2012. (A) Male (B) Female.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Local Moran’s I of the residuals by geographically weighted regression from 2000 to 2012. (A) Male (B) Female.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Geographical distributions of the selected significant predictors of male bladder cancer mortality. (A) Area Deprivation Index (ADI); (B) Smoking rates; (C) PM2.5 concentration; (D) Elderly population.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Geographical distributions of the selected significant predictors of female bladder cancer mortality. (A) Area Deprivation Index; (B) Smoking rates; (C) PM2.5 concentration; (D) Aborigines; (E) Health care facilities; (F) Elderly population.
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