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. 2017:24:13.
doi: 10.1051/parasite/2017016. Epub 2017 May 15.

Natural Leishmania (Viannia) infections of phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) indicate classical and alternative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Guiana Shield, Brazil

Adelson Alcimar Almeida de Souza  1 , Iorlando da Rocha Barata  1 , Maria das Graças Soares Silva  1 , José Aprígio Nunes Lima  1 , Yara Lúcia Lins Jennings  1 , Edna Aoba Yassui Ishikawa  2 , Ghislaine Prévot  3 , Marine Ginouves  3 , Fernando Tobias Silveira  4 , Jeffrey Shaw  5 , Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos  1
Affiliations

Natural Leishmania (Viannia) infections of phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) indicate classical and alternative transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Guiana Shield, Brazil

Adelson Alcimar Almeida de Souza et al. Parasite. 2017.

Abstract
in English, French

From 1996 to 1999 multi-trapping methods (Center of Diseases Control, CDC) light traps, light-baited Shannon traps, and aspiration on tree bases) were used to study the phlebotomine fauna of the "Serra do Navio" region of the Brazilian State of Amapá, which is part of the Guiana Shield. Fifty-three species were identified among 8,685 captured individuals. The following species, associated with the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonian Brazil, were captured: Nyssomyia umbratilis (3,388), Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis (995), Ny. anduzei (550), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (400), Ny. whitmani (291), Ps. paraensis (116), and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (50). Flagellate infections were detected in 45 flies. Of the 19 parasites isolated in vitro, 15 were Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (13 in Ny. umbratilis, 1 in Ny. whitmani, 1 in Ny. anduzei) and three were L. (V.) naiffi (2 in Ps. s. maripaensis, 1 in Ny. anduzei). The results indicate the participation of three phlebotomine species in the transmission of L. (V.) guyanensis and two species in that of L. (V.) naiffi, and show that the same phlebotomine species is involved in the transmission of different Leishmania (Viannia) species in the Guianan/Amazon region. A review of the literature together with the results of the present study, and other published and unpublished results, indicate that eight phlebotomine species potentially participate in the transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in Amazonia.

De 1996 à 1999 plusieurs méthodes de piégeage (pièges lumineux CDC, pièges Shannon et aspirations à la base des arbres) ont été utilisées afin d’étudier les populations de phlébotomes de la région “Serra do Navio” dans l’état brésilien de l’Amapà, qui fait partie du plateau des Guyanes. Cinquante-trois espèces ont été identifiées parmi les 8,685 individus capturés. Plusieurs espèces associées à la transmission de la leishmaniose cutanée américaine en Amazonie brésilienne ont été capturées : Nyssomyia umbratilis (3,388), Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis (995), Ny. anduzei (550), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (400), Ny. whitmani (291), Ps. paraensis (116) et Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (50). L’infection par des flagellés a été détectée chez quarante-cinq individus. Parmi les 19 isolés in vitro, 15 étaient Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis (13 chez Ny. umbratilis, 1 chez Ny. whitmani, 1 chez Ny. anduzei) et trois étaient L. (V.) naiffi (2 chez Ps. s. maripaensis, 1 chez Ny. anduzei). Ces résultats indiquent l’implication de trois espèces de phlébotomes dans la transmission de L. (V.) guyanensis et de deux espèces dans la transmission de L. (V.) naiffi et montrent que la même espèce de phlébotome est impliquée dans la transmission de plusieurs espèces de Leishmania (Viannia) dans la région guyano-amazonienne. Une revue de la littérature associée aux résultats de la présente étude et à des résultats publiés et non publiés montre que 8 espèces de phlébotomes participent potentiellement à la transmission de Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi en Amazonie.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Study area, placed in a Guianan/Amazon forested environment of Serra do Navio municipality, Amapá State, Brazil.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Isoenzyme electrophoresis of 6PGDH, MPI, and PGM enzymatic systems for the isolate from Nyssomya whitmani in the “Serra do Navio”, Amapá State, Brazil, compared with the WHO reference strains of Brazilian Amazon Leishmania species. Reading from left to right: (1) L. (V.) braziliensis (MHOM/BR/1975/M2903); (2) IWHI/BR/1997/M16399; (3) L. (V.) guyanensis (MHOM/BR/1975/M4147); (4) L. (V.) s. shawi (MCEB/BR/1984/M8408); (5) L. (V.) naiffi (MDAS/BR/1979/M5533); (6) L. (V.) lainsoni (MHOM/BR/1981/M6426).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
PCR-RFLP analysis of Leishmania isolates from Nyssomyia whitmani and Nyssomyia anduzei in the “Serra do Navio”, Amapá State, Brazil, compared with the closely related WHO reference strains of Brazilian Amazon Leishmania species, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) naiffi. Reading from left to right: (1) Molecular weight marker Smart Ladder®; (2) L. (V.) guyanensis (MHOM/BR/1975/M4147); (3) L. (V.) naiffi (MDAS/BR/1979/M5533); (4) IWHI/BR/1997/M16399; (5) IAND/BR/1997/M16408; (6) Molecular weight marker Smart Ladder®.
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