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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 May 19;5(5):CD011598.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011598.pub2.

Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk

Joshua Feinberg  1 , Emil Eik Nielsen  1 , Steven Kwasi Korang  1 , Kirstine Halberg Engell  1 , Marie Skøtt Nielsen  1 , Kang Zhang  2 , Maria Didriksen  1 , Lisbeth Lund  3 , Niklas Lindahl  1 , Sara Hallum  4 , Ning Liang  2 , Wenjing Xiong  2 , Xuemei Yang  5 , Pernille Brunsgaard  1 , Alexandre Garioud  1 , Sanam Safi  1 , Jane Lindschou  1 , Jens Kondrup  6 , Christian Gluud  7 , Janus C Jakobsen  7   8
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk

Joshua Feinberg et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of disease-related malnutrition in Western European hospitals is estimated to be about 30%. There is no consensus whether poor nutritional status causes poorer clinical outcome or if it is merely associated with it. The intention with all forms of nutrition support is to increase uptake of essential nutrients and improve clinical outcome. Previous reviews have shown conflicting results with regard to the effects of nutrition support.

Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of nutrition support versus no intervention, treatment as usual, or placebo in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk.

Search methods: We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (Ovid SP), Embase (Ovid SP), LILACS (BIREME), and Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science). We also searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (www.who.int/ictrp); ClinicalTrials.gov; Turning Research Into Practice (TRIP); Google Scholar; and BIOSIS, as well as relevant bibliographies of review articles and personal files. All searches are current to February 2016.

Selection criteria: We include randomised clinical trials, irrespective of publication type, publication date, and language, comparing nutrition support versus control in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk. We exclude trials assessing non-standard nutrition support.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane and the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. We used trial domains to assess the risks of systematic error (bias). We conducted Trial Sequential Analyses to control for the risks of random errors. We considered a P value of 0.025 or less as statistically significant. We used GRADE methodology. Our primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, and health-related quality of life.

Main results: We included 244 randomised clinical trials with 28,619 participants that met our inclusion criteria. We considered all trials to be at high risk of bias. Two trials accounted for one-third of all included participants. The included participants were heterogenous with regard to disease (20 different medical specialties). The experimental interventions were parenteral nutrition (86 trials); enteral nutrition (tube-feeding) (80 trials); oral nutrition support (55 trials); mixed experimental intervention (12 trials); general nutrition support (9 trials); and fortified food (2 trials). The control interventions were treatment as usual (122 trials); no intervention (107 trials); and placebo (15 trials). In 204/244 trials, the intervention lasted three days or more.We found no evidence of a difference between nutrition support and control for short-term mortality (end of intervention). The absolute risk was 8.3% across the control groups compared with 7.8% (7.1% to 8.5%) in the intervention groups, based on the risk ratio (RR) of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86 to 1.03, P = 0.16, 21,758 participants, 114 trials, low quality of evidence). We found no evidence of a difference between nutrition support and control for long-term mortality (maximum follow-up). The absolute risk was 13.2% in the control group compared with 12.2% (11.6% to 13%) following nutritional interventions based on a RR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99, P = 0.03, 23,170 participants, 127 trials, low quality of evidence). Trial Sequential Analysis showed we only had enough information to assess a risk ratio reduction of approximately 10% or more. A risk ratio reduction of 10% or more could be rejected.We found no evidence of a difference between nutrition support and control for short-term serious adverse events. The absolute risk was 9.9% in the control groups versus 9.2% (8.5% to 10%), with nutrition based on the RR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.01, P = 0.07, 22,087 participants, 123 trials, low quality of evidence). At long-term follow-up, the reduction in the risk of serious adverse events was 1.5%, from 15.2% in control groups to 13.8% (12.9% to 14.7%) following nutritional support (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97, P = 0.004, 23,413 participants, 137 trials, low quality of evidence). However, the Trial Sequential Analysis showed we only had enough information to assess a risk ratio reduction of approximately 10% or more. A risk ratio reduction of 10% or more could be rejected.Trial Sequential Analysis of enteral nutrition alone showed that enteral nutrition might reduce serious adverse events at maximum follow-up in people with different diseases. We could find no beneficial effect of oral nutrition support or parenteral nutrition support on all-cause mortality and serious adverse events in any subgroup.Only 16 trials assessed health-related quality of life. We performed a meta-analysis of two trials reporting EuroQoL utility score at long-term follow-up and found very low quality of evidence for effects of nutritional support on quality of life (mean difference (MD) -0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.01; 3961 participants, two trials). Trial Sequential Analyses showed that we did not have enough information to confirm or reject clinically relevant intervention effects on quality of life.Nutrition support may increase weight at short-term follow-up (MD 1.32 kg, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.00, 5445 participants, 68 trials, very low quality of evidence).

Authors' conclusions: There is low-quality evidence for the effects of nutrition support on mortality and serious adverse events. Based on the results of our review, it does not appear to lead to a risk ratio reduction of approximately 10% or more in either all-cause mortality or serious adverse events at short-term and long-term follow-up.There is very low-quality evidence for an increase in weight with nutrition support at the end of treatment in hospitalised adults determined to be at nutritional risk. The effects of nutrition support on all remaining outcomes are unclear.Despite the clinically heterogenous population and the high risk of bias of all included trials, our analyses showed limited signs of statistical heterogeneity. Further trials may be warranted, assessing enteral nutrition (tube-feeding) for different patient groups. Future trials ought to be conducted with low risks of systematic errors and low risks of random errors, and they also ought to assess health-related quality of life.

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Conflict of interest statement

Joshua Feinberg: no conflict of interest. Emil Eik Nielsen: no conflict of interest. Steven Kwasi Korang: no conflict of interest. Kirstine Halberg Engell: no conflict of interest. Marie Skøtt Rasmussen: no conflict of interest. Kang Zhang: no conflict of interest. Maria Didriksen: no conflict of interest. Lisbeth Lund: no conflict of interest. Niklas Lindahl: no conflict of interest. Sara Hallum: no conflict of interest. Xuemei Yang: no conflict of interest. Ning Liang: no conflict of interest. Wenjing Xiong: no conflict of interest. Pernille Brunsgaard: no conflict of interest. Alexandre Garioud: no conflict of interest. Sanam Safi: no conflict of interest. Jane Lindschou: no conflict of interest. Jens Kondrup has been delivering bi‐annual lectures on nutrition support as part of his job at the Rigshospital, Denmark. JK is involved in an ongoing trial on a new enteral formula (developed by Nutricia) for which JK receives no payment. Christian Gluud: no conflict of interest. Januc C. Jakobsen: no conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Trial Sequential Analysis on all‐cause mortality (end of intervention) in 114 high risk of bias trials. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (RIS) was calculated based on mortality in the control group of 8.29%; risk ratio reduction of 20% in the experimental group; type I error of 2.5%; and type II error of 20% (80% power). No diversity was noted. The required information size was 9526 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm (red inward sloping lines). The cumulative Z‐curve crossed the inner‐wedge futility line (red outward sloping lines). Additionally the cumulative Z‐score crossed the RIS. The green dotted line shows conventional boundaries (2.5%).
5
5
Trial Sequential Analysis on serious adverse events (maximum follow‐up) in 137 high risk of bias trials. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (RIS) was calculated based on an incidence rate of serious adverse event in the control group of 15.2%; risk ratio reduction of 10% in the experimental group; type I error of 2.5%; and type II error of 20% (80% power). No diversity was noted. The required information size was 19535 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit or harm (red inward sloping lines). The cumulative Z‐curve crossed the inner‐wedge futility line (red outward sloping lines) indicating that sufficient information is provided. Additionally the cumulative Z‐score crossed the RIS. The green dotted line shows conventional boundaries (2.5%). The cumulative Z‐curve later crosses the green line, indicating a possible significant effect, but one that is smaller than a 10% risk ratio reduction.
6
6
Trial Sequential Analysis on serious adverse events (maximum follow‐up) with participants receiving enteral nutrition in 49 high risk of bias trials. The diversity‐adjusted required information size (RIS) was calculated based on an incidence rate of serious adverse event in the control group of 17.2%; risk ratio reduction of 20% in the experimental group; type I error of 2.5%; and type II error of 20% (80% power). No diversity was noted. The required information size was 4444 participants. The cumulative Z‐curve (blue line) did cross the trial sequential monitoring boundaries for benefit (red inward sloping lines) indicating that enteral nutrition may result in a 20% or greater risk ratio reduction of serious adverse events at maximum follow‐up. The cumulative Z‐curve did not cross the inner‐wedge futility line (red outward sloping lines). The green dotted line shows conventional boundaries (2.5%).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ mode of delivery.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical specialty.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 14 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ mode of delivery.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical specialty.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 14 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ mode of delivery.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 14 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ mode of delivery.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 14 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 15 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worse case' scenario (enteral nutrition).
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 16 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario (enteral nutrition).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Quality of life (SF36 ‐ Physical performance) ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Quality of life ‐ overall.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Quality of life (SF36 ‐ Physical performance) ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quality of life ‐ overall.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Quality of life (SF36 ‐ Mental performance ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Quality of life ‐ overall.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Quality of life (SF36 ‐ Mental performance) ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quality of life ‐ overall.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Quality of life (EuroQoL) ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quality of life ‐ overall.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Pneumonia, Outcome 1 Pneumonia.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Wound dehiscence, Outcome 1 Wound dehiscence.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Renal failure, Outcome 1 Renal failure.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Wound infection, Outcome 1 Wound infection.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Heart failure, Outcome 1 Heart failure.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Clearly adequate and screening tool, Outcome 1 AcM ‐ EoI.
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Clearly adequate and screening tool, Outcome 2 AcM ‐ MF.
15.3
15.3. Analysis
Comparison 15 Clearly adequate and screening tool, Outcome 3 SaE ‐ EoI.
15.4
15.4. Analysis
Comparison 15 Clearly adequate and screening tool, Outcome 4 SaE ‐ MF.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Clearly adequate + (NRS component/at risk due to condition), Outcome 1 AcM ‐ EoI.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Clearly adequate + (NRS component/at risk due to condition), Outcome 2 AcM ‐ MF.
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16 Clearly adequate + (NRS component/at risk due to condition), Outcome 3 SaE ‐ EoI.
16.4
16.4. Analysis
Comparison 16 Clearly adequate + (NRS component/at risk due to condition), Outcome 4 SaE ‐ MF.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality.
17.4
17.4. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
17.5
17.5. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
17.6
17.6. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
17.7
17.7. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
17.8
17.8. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
17.9
17.9. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
17.10
17.10. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
17.11
17.11. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
17.12
17.12. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
17.13
17.13. Analysis
Comparison 17 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality.
18.4
18.4. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
18.5
18.5. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
18.6
18.6. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
18.7
18.7. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
18.8
18.8. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
18.9
18.9. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
18.10
18.10. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
18.11
18.11. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
18.12
18.12. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
18.13
18.13. Analysis
Comparison 18 Oral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty.
19.4
19.4. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
19.5
19.5. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
19.6
19.6. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
19.7
19.7. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
19.8
19.8. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
19.9
19.9. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
19.10
19.10. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
19.11
19.11. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
19.12
19.12. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
19.13
19.13. Analysis
Comparison 19 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
20.3
20.3. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical speciality.
20.4
20.4. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
20.5
20.5. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
20.6
20.6. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
20.7
20.7. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
20.8
20.8. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
20.9
20.9. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
20.10
20.10. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
20.11
20.11. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
20.12
20.12. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
20.13
20.13. Analysis
Comparison 20 Oral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality.
21.4
21.4. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
21.5
21.5. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
21.6
21.6. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
21.7
21.7. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
21.8
21.8. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
21.9
21.9. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
21.10
21.10. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
21.11
21.11. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
21.12
21.12. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
21.13
21.13. Analysis
Comparison 21 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality.
22.4
22.4. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
22.5
22.5. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
22.6
22.6. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
22.7
22.7. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
22.8
22.8. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
22.9
22.9. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
22.10
22.10. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
22.11
22.11. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
22.12
22.12. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
22.13
22.13. Analysis
Comparison 22 Enteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
23.3
23.3. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty.
23.4
23.4. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
23.5
23.5. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
23.6
23.6. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
23.7
23.7. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
23.8
23.8. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
23.9
23.9. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
23.10
23.10. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
23.11
23.11. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
23.12
23.12. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
23.13
23.13. Analysis
Comparison 23 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
24.3
24.3. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical speciality.
24.4
24.4. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
24.5
24.5. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
24.6
24.6. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
24.7
24.7. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
24.8
24.8. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
24.9
24.9. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
24.10
24.10. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
24.11
24.11. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
24.12
24.12. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worse case' scenario (enteral nutrition).
24.13
24.13. Analysis
Comparison 24 Enteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario (enteral nutrition).
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
25.3
25.3. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality.
25.4
25.4. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
25.5
25.5. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
25.6
25.6. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
25.7
25.7. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
25.8
25.8. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
25.9
25.9. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
25.10
25.10. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
25.11
25.11. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
25.12
25.12. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
25.13
25.13. Analysis
Comparison 25 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 All‐cause mortality ‐ overall.
26.2
26.2. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 All‐cause mortality ‐ bias.
26.3
26.3. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 All‐cause mortality ‐ medical speciality.
26.4
26.4. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 All‐cause mortality ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
26.5
26.5. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 All‐cause mortality ‐ different screening tools.
26.6
26.6. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
26.7
26.7. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
26.8
26.8. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 All‐cause mortality ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
26.9
26.9. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 All‐cause mortality ‐ randomisation year.
26.10
26.10. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 All‐cause mortality ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
26.11
26.11. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
26.12
26.12. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 All‐cause mortality ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
26.13
26.13. Analysis
Comparison 26 Parenteral ‐ All cause mortality ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 All‐cause mortality co‐interventions.
27.1
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
27.2
27.2. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
27.3
27.3. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical specialty.
27.4
27.4. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
27.5
27.5. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
27.6
27.6. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
27.7
27.7. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
27.8
27.8. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
27.9
27.9. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
27.10
27.10. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
27.11
27.11. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
27.12
27.12. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
27.13
27.13. Analysis
Comparison 27 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event end of intervention, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
28.1
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Serious adverse events ‐ overall.
28.2
28.2. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 Serious adverse events ‐ bias.
28.3
28.3. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 Serious adverse events ‐ by medical speciality.
28.4
28.4. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 Serious adverse events ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
28.5
28.5. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events ‐ different screening tools.
28.6
28.6. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
28.7
28.7. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
28.8
28.8. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 Serious adverse events ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
28.9
28.9. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 Serious adverse events ‐ randomisation year.
28.10
28.10. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 Serious adverse events ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
28.11
28.11. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events ‐ 'best‐worst case' scenario.
28.12
28.12. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 12 Serious adverse events ‐ 'worst‐best case' scenario.
28.13
28.13. Analysis
Comparison 28 Parenteral ‐ Serious adverse event maximum follow‐up, Outcome 13 Serious adverse events co‐interventions.
29.1
29.1. Analysis
Comparison 29 Morbidity ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Morbidity ‐ overall.
30.1
30.1. Analysis
Comparison 30 Morbidity ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Morbidity ‐ overall.
31.1
31.1. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 BMI ‐ overall.
31.2
31.2. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 BMI ‐ bias.
31.3
31.3. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 BMI ‐ mode of administration.
31.4
31.4. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 BMI ‐ by medical delivery.
31.5
31.5. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 BMI ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
31.6
31.6. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 BMI ‐ different screening tools.
31.7
31.7. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
31.8
31.8. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
31.9
31.9. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers of anthropometrics.
31.10
31.10. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 BMI ‐ randomisation year.
31.11
31.11. Analysis
Comparison 31 BMI ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 BMI ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
32.1
32.1. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 BMI ‐ overall.
32.2
32.2. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 BMI ‐ bias.
32.3
32.3. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 BMI ‐ mode of delivery.
32.4
32.4. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 BMI ‐ by medical speciality.
32.5
32.5. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 BMI ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
32.6
32.6. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 BMI ‐ different screening tools.
32.7
32.7. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
32.8
32.8. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
32.9
32.9. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 BMI ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
32.10
32.10. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 BMI ‐ randomisation year.
32.11
32.11. Analysis
Comparison 32 BMI ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 BMI ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
33.1
33.1. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Weight ‐ overall.
33.2
33.2. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 2 Weight ‐ bias.
33.3
33.3. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 3 Weight ‐ mode of delivery.
33.4
33.4. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 4 Weight ‐ by medical speciality.
33.5
33.5. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 5 Weight ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of calories.
33.6
33.6. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 6 Weight ‐ different screening tools.
33.7
33.7. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 7 Weight ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
33.8
33.8. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 8 Weight ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
33.9
33.9. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 9 Weight ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
33.10
33.10. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 10 Weight ‐ randomisation year.
33.11
33.11. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 11 Weight ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
33.12
33.12. Analysis
Comparison 33 Weight ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 12 Weight ‐ Missing SDs.
34.1
34.1. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Weight ‐ overall.
34.2
34.2. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 2 Weight ‐ bias.
34.3
34.3. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 3 Weight ‐ mode of delivery.
34.4
34.4. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 4 Weight ‐ by medical speciality.
34.5
34.5. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 5 Weight ‐ based on adequacy of the amount of nutrition.
34.6
34.6. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 6 Weight ‐ different screening tools.
34.7
34.7. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 7 Weight ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following conditions.
34.8
34.8. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 8 Weight ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to one of the following criteria.
34.9
34.9. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 9 Weight ‐ participants characterised as 'at nutritional risk' due to biomarkers or anthropometrics.
34.10
34.10. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 10 Weight ‐ randomisation year.
34.11
34.11. Analysis
Comparison 34 Weight ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 11 Weight ‐ trials where the intervention lasts fewer than three days compared with trials where the intervention lasts three days or more.
35.1
35.1. Analysis
Comparison 35 Hand‐grip strength ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Hand‐grip strength ‐ overall.
36.1
36.1. Analysis
Comparison 36 Hand‐grip strength ‐ maximum follow‐up, Outcome 1 Hand‐grip strength ‐ overall.
37.1
37.1. Analysis
Comparison 37 Six‐minute walking distance ‐ end of intervention, Outcome 1 Six‐minute walking distance ‐ overall.
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References

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    1. Bellantone R, Doglietto G, Bossola M, Pacelli F, Negro F, Sofo L. Preoperative parenteral nutrition of malnourished surgical patients. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 1988;154(4):249‐51. - PubMed
Bokhorst‐de 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bokhorst‐De van der Schueren MA, Langendoen SI, Vondeling H, Kuik DJ, Quak JJ, Leeuwen PA. Perioperative enteral nutrition and quality of life of severely malnourished head and neck cancer patients: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 2000;19(6):437‐44. - PubMed
    1. Bokhorst‐De van der Schueren MA, Quak JJ, Blomberg‐van der Flier BM, Kuik DJ, Langendoen SI, Snow GB, et al. Effect of perioperative nutrition, with and without arginine supplementation, on nutritional status, immune function, postoperative morbidity, and survival in severely malnourished head and neck cancer patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;73(2):323‐32. - PubMed
Bonkovsky 1991a {published data only}
    1. Bonkovsky HL, Fiellin DA, Smith GS, Slaker DP, Simon D, Galambos JT. A randomized, controlled trial of treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with parenteral nutrition and oxandrolone. I. Short‐term effects on liver function. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1991;86(9):1200‐8. - PubMed
Botella‐Carretero 2008a {published data only}
    1. Botella‐Carretero JI, Iglesias B, Balsa JA, Zamarron I, Arrieta F, Vazquez C. Effects of oral nutritional supplements in normally nourished or mildly undernourished geriatric patients after surgery for hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2008;32(2):120‐8. - PubMed
Botella‐Carretero 2010 {published data only}
    1. Botella‐Carretero JI, Iglesias B, Balsa JA, Zamarron I, Arrieta F, Vazquez C. Perioperative oral nutritional supplements in normally or mildly undernourished geriatric patients submitted to surgery for hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 2010;29(5):574‐9. - PubMed
Breedveld‐Peters {published data only}
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Brennan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Brennan MF, Pisters PW, Posner M, Quesada O, Shike M. A prospective randomized trial of total parenteral nutrition after major pancreatic resection for malignancy. Annals of Surgery 1994;220(4):436‐41; discussion 441‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Brown 1992 {published data only}
    1. Brown KM, Seabrook NA. Effect of nutrition on recovery after fractured femur. Medical Audit News 1992;2(1):10‐2.
Brown 1995 {published data only}
    1. Brown DN, Miedema BW, King PD, Marshall JB. Safety of early feeding after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1995;21(4):330‐1. - PubMed
Bunout 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bunout D, Aicardi V, Hirsch S, Petermann M, Kelly M, Silva G, et al. Nutritional support in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1989;43(9):615‐21. [PUBMED: 2691239] - PubMed
Caglayan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Caglayan K, Oner I, Gunerhan Y, Ata P, Koksal N, Ozkara S. The impact of preoperative immunonutrition and other nutrition models on tumor infiltrative lymphocytes in colorectal cancer patients. American Journal of Surgery 2012;204(4):416‐21. - PubMed
Campbell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Campbell KL, Ash S, Bauer JD. The impact of nutrition intervention on quality of life in pre‐dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical Nutrition 2008;27(4):537‐44. - PubMed
Capellá 1990 {published data only}
    1. Capellá G, Ruiz JM, Hidalgo L, Alonso M, Salvador R, Cardona D. Value of parenteral nutrition in total gastrectomy for cancer. A prospective study. Nutrición Hospitalaria Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral 1990;5(5):317‐21. - PubMed
Carr 1996 {published data only}
    1. Carr CS, Ling KD, Boulos P, Singer M. Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of immediate postoperative enteral feeding in patients undergoing gastrointestinal resection. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 1996;312(7035):869‐71. [PUBMED: 8611872] - PMC - PubMed
Carver 1995 {published data only}
    1. Carver AD, Dobson AM. Effects of dietary supplementation of elderly demented hospital residents. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1995;8(6):389‐94.
Casaer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Casaer MP, Langouche L, Coudyzer W, Vanbeckevoort D, Dobbelaer B, Guiza FG, et al. Impact of early parenteral nutrition on muscle and adipose tissue compartments during critical illness. Critical Care Medicine 2013;41(10):2298‐309. - PubMed
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    1. Gunst J, Vanhorebeek I, Casaer MP, Hermans G, Wouters PJ, Dubois J, et al. Impact of early parenteral nutrition on metabolism and kidney injury. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2013;24(6):995‐1005. - PMC - PubMed
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Caulfield 2012 {published data only}
    1. Caulfield C. Examining the benefits of an oral nutritional supplement (ONS) with regard to its safety, tolerance and clinical efficacy in improving nutritional status of undernourished, hospitalised patients. Clinical Nutrition, Supplement 2012;7(1):280.
Chen 1995a {published data only}
    1. Chen QP, Bian FG, Fei JC. Clinical study on enteral nutrition in different periods after major abdominal operations. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;3(1):26‐9.
Chen 2000a {published data only}
    1. Chen QP, Ou K, Zhao HM, Zhou X, Xin X. Effect of early enteral nutrition on T lymphocyte subset after abdominal operation. World Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology 2000;8(12):1438‐9.
Chen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chen GX, Han CM. Economic evaluation of early enteral nutrition in severely burned patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;14(1):7‐10.
Choudhry 1996 {published data only}
    1. Choudhry U, Barde CJ, Markert R, Gopalswamy N. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a randomized prospective comparison of early and delayed feeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1996;44(2):164‐7. - PubMed
Chourdakis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chourdakis M, Kraus MM, Tzellos T, Sardeli C, Peftoulidou M, Vassilakos D, et al. Effect of early compared with delayed enteral nutrition on endocrine function in patients with traumatic brain injury: an open‐labeled randomized trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2012;36(1):108‐16. - PubMed
Chuntrasakul 1996 {published data only}
    1. Chuntrasakul C, Siltharm S, Chinswangwatanakul V, Pongprasobchai T, Chockvivatanavanit S, Bunnak A. Early nutritional support in severe traumatic patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1996; Vol. 79, issue 1:21‐6. - PubMed
Cicco 1993 {published data only}
    1. Cicco M, Panarello G, Fantin D, Veronesi A, Pinto A, Zagonel V, et al. Parenteral nutrition in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: effects on toxicity and nutritional status. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1993;17(6):513‐8. - PubMed
Clamon 1985 {published data only}
    1. Clamon G, Gardner L, Pee D, Stumbo P, Feld R, Evans W, et al. The effect of intravenous hyperalimentation on the dietary intake of patients with small cell lung cancer. A randomized trial. Cancer 1985;55(7):1572‐8. - PubMed
    1. Evans WK, Makuch R, Clamon GH, Feld R, Weiner RS, Moran E, et al. Limited impact of total parenteral nutrition on nutritional status during treatment for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Research 1985;45(7):3347‐53. - PubMed
Delmi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Delmi M, Rapin CH, Bengoa JM, Delmas PD, Vasey H, Bonjour JP. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 1990;335(8696):1013‐6. - PubMed
Dennis 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dennis M, Lewis S, Cranswick G, Forbes J. FOOD: a multicentre randomised trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Health Technology Assessment 2006;10:iii‐iv, ix‐x, 1‐120. - PubMed
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Dennis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Clarke J, Cranswick G, Dennis MS, Flaig R, Fraser A, Grant S, et al. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9461):764‐72. - PubMed
    1. Clarke J, Cranswick G, Dennis MS, Flaig R, Fraser A, Grant S, et al. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9461):764‐72. - PubMed
    1. Dennis M, Lewis S, Cranswick G, Forbes J. FOOD: a multicentre randomised trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Health Technology Assessment 2006;10:iii‐iv, ix‐x, 1‐120. - PubMed
De Sousa 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sousa OL, Amaral TF. Three‐week nutritional supplementation effect on long‐term nutritional status of patients with mild Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 2012;26(2):119‐23. - PubMed
Ding 2009 {published data only}
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Dionigi 1991 {published data only}
    1. Dionigi P, Jemos V, Cebrelli T, Ferrari C, Ferrari A, Berizzi F, et al. Pre‐operative nutritional support and tumour cell kinetics in malnourished patients with gastric cancer. Clinical Nutrition 1991;10(Spec Suppl):77‐84. - PubMed
Doglietto 1990 {published data only}
    1. Doglietto GB, Bellantone R, Bossola M, Pacelli F, Negro F, Crucitti F. Preoperative parenteral nutritional support in gastric cancer. Nutrition 1990;6(3):256‐7. - PubMed
Doglietto 1996 {published data only}
    1. Doglietto GB, Gallitelli L, Pacelli F, Bellantone R, Malerba M, Sgadari A, et al. Protein‐sparing therapy after major abdominal surgery: lack of clinical effects. Protein‐Sparing Therapy Study Group. Annals of Surgery 1996;223(4):357‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Dölp 1987 {published data only}
    1. Dölp R, Grunert A, Schmitz E, Ahnefeld FW. Clinical studies of peripheral venous parenteral nutrition. Effect of a 3.5% amino acid solution on postoperative metabolism with special reference to amino acid homeostasis. Infusionstherapie und Klinische Ernahrung 1987;14(1):10‐6. - PubMed
Dong 1996 {published data only}
    1. Dong MF, Qiao YZ, Yin G, Zhou SL, Ma SJ. Employment of duodenal nutrition pipe in esophageal surgery. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1996;3(3):209‐11.
Drott 1988 {published data only}
    1. Drott C, Unsgaard B, Schersten T, Lundholm K. Total parenteral nutrition as an adjuvant to patients undergoing chemotherapy for testicular carcinoma: Protection of body composition. A randomized, prospective study. Surgery 1988;103(5):499‐506. - PubMed
Duncan 2006 {published data only}
    1. Duncn DG, Beck SJ, Hood K, Johansen A. Using dietetic assistants to improve the outcome of hip fracture: a randomised controlled trial of nutritional support in an acute trauma ward. Age and Ageing 2006;35(2):148‐53. - PubMed
Dvorak 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dvorak MF, Noonan VK, Belanger L, Bruun B, Wing PC, Boyd MC, et al. Early versus late enteral feeding in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury ‐ A pilot study. Spine 2004;29(5):E175‐80. - PubMed
Elbers 1997 {published data only}
    1. Elbers M, Awwad E, Scharfstädt A, Drücke D, Löhlein D. [Effekte einer postoperativen, oralen, supplementären, proteinreichen Substratzufuhr auf Körperzusammensetzung, Proteinstatus and Lebensqualität bei Magenkarzinom‐Patienten]. Aktuelle Ernahrungsmedizin 1997;22:69‐75.
Elimam 2001 {published data only}
    1. Elimam A, Tjader I, Norgren S, Wernerman J, Essen P, Ljungqvist O, et al. Total parenteral nutrition after surgery rapidly increases serum leptin levels. European Journal of Endocrinology 2001;144(2):123‐8. - PubMed
Eneroth 2005 {published data only}
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    1. Eneroth M, Olsson UB, Thorngren KG. Nutritional supplementation decreases hip fracture‐related complications. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2006;451:212‐7. - PubMed
Espaulella 2000 {published data only}
    1. Espaulella J, Guyer H, Diaz‐Escriu F, Mellado‐Navas JA, Castells M, Pladevall M. Nutritional supplementation of elderly hip fracture patients. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2000;29(5):425‐31. - PubMed
Essén 1993 {published data only}
    1. Essén P, McNurlan MA, Sonnenfeld T, Milne E, Vinnars E, Wernerman J, et al. Muscle protein synthesis after operation: effects of intravenous nutrition. European Journal of Surgery 1993;159(4):195‐200. - PubMed
Eyer 1993 {published data only}
    1. Eyer SD, Micon LT, Konstantinides FN, Edlund DA, Rooney KA, Luxenberg MG, et al. Early enteral feeding does not attenuate metabolic response after blunt trauma. Journal of Trauma 1993;34(5):639‐43; discussion 643‐4. - PubMed
Fan 1989 {published data only}
    1. Fan ST, Lau WY, Wong KK, Chan YPM. Pre‐operative parenteral nutrition in patients with oesophageal cancer: a prospective, randomised clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 1989;8(1):23‐7. - PubMed
Fan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fan ST, Lo CM, Lai EC, Chu KM, Liu CL, Wong J, et al. Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;331(23):1547‐52. - PubMed
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Fasth 1987 {published data only}
    1. Fasth S, Hulten L, Magnusson O, Nordgren S, Warnold I. Postoperative complications in colorectal surgery in relation to preoperative clinical and nutritional state and postoperative nutritional treatment. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 1987;2(2):87‐92. - PubMed
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Figuerasfelip 1986 {published data only}
    1. Figuerasfelip J, Rafecasrenau A, Sitgesserra A, Puiggris P, Pisiques F, Colomer J, et al. Does peripheral hypocaloric parenteral‐nutrition benefit the postoperative‐patient ‐ results of a multicentric randomized trial. Clinical Nutrition 1986;5(2):117‐21. - PubMed
Fletcher 1986a {published data only}
    1. Fletcher JP, Little JM. A comparison of parenteral nutrition and early postoperative enteral feeding on the nitrogen balance after major surgery. Surgery 1986;100(1):21‐4. - PubMed
Foschi 1986 {published data only}
    1. Foschi D, Cavagna G, Callioni F, Morandi E, Rovati V. Hyperalimentation of jaundiced patients on percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. British Journal of Surgery 1986;73(9):716–9. - PubMed
Førli 2001 {published data only}
    1. Førli L, Pedersen JI, Bjørtuft Ø, Vatn M, Boe J. Dietary support to underweight patients with end‐stage pulmonary disease assessed for lung transplantation. Respiration 2001;68(1):51‐7. - PubMed
Gariballa 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gariballa SE, Parker SG, Taub N, Castleden CM. A randomized, controlled, a single‐blind trial of nutritional supplementation after acute stroke. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;22(5):315‐9. - PubMed
Gariballa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gariballa S, Forster S. Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2007;26(5):545‐51. - PubMed
    1. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Power H. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of nutritional supplementation during acute illness. American Journal of Medicine 2006;119(7‐8):693‐9. - PubMed
Gazzotti 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gazzotti C, Arnaud‐Battandier F, Parello M, Farine S, Seidel L, Albert A, et al. Prevention of malnutrition in older people during and after hospitalisation: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Age and Ageing 2003;32(3):321‐5. - PubMed
Gong 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gong YZ, Zhang ST, Zhang HF, Wu HB, Chen SJ, Zhu ST, et al. Effects of enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;19(4):232‐5.
Gunerhan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gunerhan Y, Koksal N, Sahin UY, Uzun MA, Eksioglu‐Demiralp E. Effect of preoperative immunonutrition and other nutrition models on cellular immune parameters. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;15(4):467‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Gupta 1998 {published data only}
    1. Gupta R, Patel K, Primrose JN, Yaqoob P, Calder P, Johnson CD. Oxidative stress in patients receiving early enteral nutrition following operations for hepatic or pancreatic disease. Digestion 1998;59(3):248.
Guy 1995 {published data only}
    1. Guy S, Tanzer‐Torres G, Palese M, Sheiner P, Mor E, Emre S, et al. Does nasoenteral nutritional support reduce mortality after liver transplant?. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1995;22:144A.
Ha 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ha L, Hauge T, Spenning AB, Iversen PO. Individual, nutritional support prevents undernutrition, increases muscle strength and improves QoL among elderly at nutritional risk hospitalized for acute stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2010;29:567‐73. - PubMed
Hartgrink 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hartgrink HH, Wille J, König P, Hermans J, Breslau PJ. Pressure sores and tube feeding in patients with a fracture of the hip: a randomized clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 1998;17(6):287‐92. - PubMed
Hasse 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU, Goldstein RM, Jennings LW, Mor E, et al. Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1995;19(6):437‐43. - PubMed
Heidegger 2013 {published data only}
    1. Berger M, Brancato V, Graf S, Heidegger C, Darmon P, Pichard C. SPN study: Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition (PN) to reach energy target does not compromise glucose control. Clinical Nutrition, Supplement 2011;6(1):11‐2.
    1. Graf S, Berger MM, Clerc A, Brancato V, Heidegger CP, Pichard C. SPN study: Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition (SPN) to reach energy target does not compromise glucose control. Clinical Nutrition, Supplement 2012;7(1):138‐9.
    1. Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, Zingg W, Darmon P, Costanza MC, et al. Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2013;381(9864):385‐93. - PubMed
    1. Heidegger CP, Graf S, Thibault R, Darmon P, Berger M, Pichard C. Supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients for optimal energy coverage: improved clinical outcome. Clinical Nutrition, Supplement 2011;6(1):2‐3.
Heim 1985 {published data only}
    1. Heim M E, Leweling H, Edler L, Queisser W. Adjuvant parenteral nutrition in patients with colorectal cancer receiving polychemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. Tumor, Diagnostik & Therapie 1985;6(4):129‐33.
Hendry 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hendry PO, Dam RM, Bukkems SF, McKeown DW, Parks RW, Preston T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of laxatives and oral nutritional supplements within an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol following liver resection. British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(8):1198‐206. - PubMed
Henriksen 2003a {published data only}
    1. Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Hansen HV, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003;47(2):191‐9. - PubMed
Herndon 1987 {published data only}
    1. Herndon DN, Barrow RE, Stein M, Linares H, Rutan TC, Rutan R, et al. Increased mortality with intravenous supplemental feeding in severely burned patients. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation 1989;10(4):309‐13. - PubMed
    1. Herndon DN, Stein MD, Rutan TC, Abston S, Linares H. Failure of TPN supplementation to improve liver function, immunity, and mortality in thermally injured patients. Journal of Trauma 1987;27(2):195‐204. - PubMed
Heys 1991 {published data only}
    1. Heys SD, Park KGM, McNurlan MA, Milne E, Eremin O, Wernerman J, et al. Stimulation of protein‐synthesis in human tumors by parenteral‐nutrition ‐ evidence for modulation of tumor‐growth. British Journal of Surgery 1991;78(4):483‐7. - PubMed
Hickson 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hickson M, Bulpitt C, Nunes M, Peters R, Cooke J, Nicholl C, et al. Does additional feeding support provided by health care assistants improve nutritional status and outcome in acutely ill older in‐patients? A randomised control trial. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(1):69‐77. - PubMed
Hill 2002 {published data only}
    1. Charash WE, Kearney PA, Annis KA, Hill DB, Magnuson BL, Ryzowicz TA, et al. Early enteral feeding associated with an attenuation of the acute phase cytokine response and improved outcome following multiple trauma. Journal of Trauma 1994;37:1015.
    1. Hill DB, Kearney P, Magnuson B, Charash W, Annis K, McClain C. Effects of route and timing of nutrition support in critically ill patients. Gastroenterology 2002;122:A‐38.
Hoffmann 1988 {published data only}
    1. Hoffmann E, Hansen BB, Owen‐Falkenberg T, Djorup J. Total parenteral nutrition in colon surgery. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1988;150(21):1277‐9. - PubMed
Holter 1977 {published data only}
    1. Holter AR, Fischer JE. The effects of perioperative hyperalimentation on complications in patients with carcinoma and weight loss. Journal of Surgical Research 1977;23(1):31‐4. - PubMed
    1. Holter AR, Rosen HM, Fischer JE. The effects of hyperalimentation on major surgery in patients with malignant disease: a prospective study. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica ‐ Supplementum 1976;466:86‐7. - PubMed
Holyday 2012 {published data only}
    1. Holyday M, Daniells S, Bare M, Caplan G A, Petocz P, Bolin T. Malnutrition screening and early nutrition intervention in hospitalised patients in acute aged care: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2012;16(6):562‐8. - PubMed
Houwing 2003 {published data only}
    1. Houwing RH, Rozendaal M, Wouters‐Wesseling W, Beulens JW, Buskens E, Haalboom JR. A randomised, double‐blind assessment of the effect of nutritional supplementation on the prevention of pressure ulcers in hip‐fracture patients. Clinical Nutrition 2003;22(4):401‐5. - PubMed
Hsu 2000a {published data only}
    1. Hsu TC, Leu SC, Su CF, Huang PC, Tsai LF, Tsai SL. Assessment of intragastric pH value changes after early nasogastric feeding. Nutrition 2000;16(9):751‐4. - PubMed
Hu 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hu SS, Fontaine F, Kelly B, Bradford DS. Nutritional depletion in staged spinal reconstructive surgery. The effect of total parenteral nutrition. Spine 1998;23(12):1401‐5. - PubMed
Huynh 2015 {published data only}
    1. Huynh DTT, Devitt AA, Paule CL, Reddy BR, Marathe P, Hegazi RA, et al. Effects of oral nutritional supplementation in the management of malnutrition in hospital and post‐hospital discharged patients in India: a randomised, open‐label, controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2015;28(4):331‐43. - PubMed
Hwang 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hwang TL, Huang SL, Chen MF. Early nasoduodenal feeding for the post‐biliary surgical patient. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1991;90(10):993‐7. - PubMed
Inoue 1993 {published data only}
    1. Inoue Y, Espat NJ, Frohnapple DJ, Epstein H, Copeland EM, Souba WW. Effect of total parenteral‐nutrition on amino‐acid and glucose‐transport by the human small‐intestine. Annals of Surgery 1993;217(6):604‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Iresjö 2008 {published data only}
    1. Iresjö BM, Körner U, Hyltander A, Ljungman D, Lundholm K. Initiation factors for translation of proteins in the rectus abdominis muscle from patients on overnight standard parenteral nutrition before surgery. Clinical Science 2008;114(9):603‐10. - PubMed
Itou 2011 {published data only}
    1. Itou M, Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Oriishi T, Suetsugu T, Hano R, et al. Supplementation before endoscopic therapy for esophageal varices reduces mental stress in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2011;58(107‐108):814‐8. - PubMed
Jauch 1995a {published data only}
    1. Jauch KW, Kroner G, Hermann A, Inthorn D, Hartl W, Gunther B. Postoperative infusion therapy ‐ A comparison of electrolyte solution with hypocaloric glucose or xylitol/sorbitol‐aminoacid solutions. Zentralblatt Fur Chirurgie 1995;120(9):682‐8. - PubMed
Jensen 1982 {published data only}
    1. Jensen S, Ginnerup P. Complete parenteral nutrition peri‐operatively for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Nitrogen balance and the clinical course. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1982;144(7):460‐3. - PubMed
Ji 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ji F, Yan M, Yin HR. Early postoperative enteral nutrition support after digestive tract surgery. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;7(4):150‐4.
Jiang 2006a {published data only}
    1. Jiang YJ, Kong XJ, Cheng G, Tian ZB. Effects of reasonable preoperative nutrition on recoveries of gastrointestinal cancer patients. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2006;14(19):1928‐32.
Jimenez 1995a {published data only}
    1. Jiménez FJJ, Leyba CO, Jiménez LMJ, Valdecasas MSG, Montero JG. Study of hypocaloric peripheral parenteral‐nutrition in postoperative‐patients (Europan Project). Clinical Nutrition 1995;14(2):88‐96. - PubMed
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Jin 1999a {published and unpublished data}
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Kaur 2005 {published data only}
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Li 1998 {published data only}
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Liu 2000a {published data only}
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Liu 2008 {published data only}
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Pupelis 2000 {published data only}
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    1. Sullivan DH, Nelson CL, Bopp MM, Puskarich‐May CL, Walls RC. Nightly enteral nutrition support of elderly hip fracture patients: a phase I trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1998;17(2):155‐61. [PUBMED: 9550459] - PubMed
Sullivan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan DH, Nelson CL, Klimberg VS, Bopp MM. Nightly enteral nutrition support of elderly hip fracture patients: a pilot study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2004;23(6):683‐91. [PUBMED: 15637216] - PubMed
Summerbell 1993 {published data only}
    1. Summerbell J, Wynne H, Hankey CR, Williams FM. The effect of age and frailty upon blood esterase activities and their response to dietary supplementation. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;36(5):399‐404. - PMC - PubMed
Sustic 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sustic A, Zelic M, Medved I, Sokolic J. Early postoperative gastric enteral nutrition improves gastric emptying after non‐complicated cardiac surgery. Signa Vitae 2006;1(1):16‐9.
Swails 1995 {published data only}
    1. Swails WS, Babineau TJ, Ellis FH, Kenler AS, Forse RA. The role of enteral jejunostomy feeding after esophagogastrectomy: A prospective, randomized study. Diseases of the Esophagus 1995;8(3):193‐9.
Szeszycki 1998 {published data only}
    1. Szeszycki EE, Griffith DP, Puckett AB, Tyre C, Furr CE, Bergman GF, et al. Efficacy of parenteral nutrition in hospitalized bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients: A pilot study. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;22(1):S9.
Thompson 1981 {published data only}
    1. Thompson BR, Julian TB, Stremple JF. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Journal of Surgical Research 1981;30(5):497‐500. - PubMed
Tong 2006a {published data only}
    1. Tong Q, Wang GB, Lu XM, Tao KX, Chen DD. Safety and clinical efficacy of enteral nutrition in elderly postoperative patients with malignant gastrointestinal tumor. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;14(3):154‐8.
Vaithiswaran 2008 {published data only}
    1. Vaithiswaran V, Srinivasan K, Kadambari D. Effect of early enteral feeding after upper gastrointestinal surgery. Tropical Gastroenterology 2008;29(2):91‐4. - PubMed
Valdivieso 1987 {published data only}
    1. Valdivieso M, Bodey GP, Benjamin RS, Barkley HT, Freeman MB, Ertel M, et al. Role of intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to intensive chemotherapy for small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Treatment Reports 1981;65(Suppl 5):145‐50. - PubMed
    1. Valdivieso M, Frankmann C, Murphy WK, Benjamin RS, Barkley HT, McMurtrey MJ, et al. Long‐term effects of intravenous hyperalimentation administered during intensive chemotherapy for small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 1987;59(2):362‐9. - PubMed
Vermeeren 2004 {published data only}
    1. Vermeeren MA, Wouters EF, Geraerts‐Keeris AJ, Schols AM. Nutritional support in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during hospitalization for an acute exacerbation; a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Clinical Nutrition 2004;23(5):1184‐92. - PubMed
Vicic 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vicic VK, Radman M, Kovacic V. Early initiation of enteral nutrition improves outcomes in burn disease. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;22(4):543‐7. - PubMed
Vlaming 2001 {published data only}
    1. Vlaming S, Biehler A, Hennessey EM, Jamieson CP, Chattophadhyay S, Obeid OA, et al. Should the food intake of patients admitted to acute hospital services be routinely supplemented? A randomized placebo controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 2001;20(6):517‐26. [PUBMED: 11884000] - PubMed
Von Meyenfeldt 1992a {published data only}
    1. Meijerink WJ, Meyenfeldt MF, Rouflart MM, Soeters PB. Efficacy of perioperative nutritional support. Lancet 1992;340(8812):187‐8. - PubMed
    1. Meyenfeldt MF, Meijerink WJ, Rouflart MM, Builmaassen MT, Soeters PB. Perioperative nutritional support: a randomised clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition 1992;11(4):180‐6. [PUBMED: 16839996] - PubMed
Wang 1996a {published data only}
    1. Wang B, Tang CH, Zhou LM. Comparative study of 3 different ways of nutritional support after major abdominal operation. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1996;3(1):19‐20.
Wang 1997a {published data only}
    1. Wang ZH, Zhang HC. Parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition in 60 postoperative patients of esophageal cancer and cardiac cancer. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1997;4(3):144‐6.
Wang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wang YZ, Ding YB, Wu J, Deng B, Xiao WM. Treatment of 64 cases severe acute pancreatitis with early enteral nutrition and intestinal barrier protective agents. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2007;15(33):3545‐8.
Wang 2011b {published data only}
    1. Wang YL, Qi YW, Bai JS, Zheng G, Yue YX. Effect of enteral nutrition on T lymphocytes‐mediated immune function in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;19(1):12‐5.
Wang 2013a {published data only}
    1. Wang ZH, Zhong B, Xiang JY, Zhou YB, Wang DS. Effect of early oral enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Zhonghua Weichang Waike Zazhi 2013;16(8):735‐8. - PubMed
Ward 1983 {published data only}
    1. Ward MW, Halliday D, Matthews DE, Matthews SM, Peters JL, Harrison RA, et al. The effect of enteral nutritional support on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and whole‐body protein turnover in fasted surgical patients. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 1983;37(6):453‐8. - PubMed
Watters 1997 {published data only}
    1. Watters JM, Kirkpatrick SM, Norris SB, Shamji FM, Wells GA. Immediate postoperative enteral feeding results in impaired respiratory mechanics and decreased mobility. Annals of Surgery 1997;226(3):369‐77; discussion 377‐80. - PMC - PubMed
Wei 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wei B, Xiong ZF, Chen JS. Combined parenteral and enteral nutrition support with chemotherapy in treating elderly patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;21(2):72‐6.
Wernerman 1986 {published data only}
    1. Wernerman J, Decken A, Vinnars E. Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in relation to nitrogen balance after abdominal surgery: the effect of total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1986;10(6):578‐82. - PubMed
Whittaker 1990 {published data only}
    1. Whittaker JS, Ryan CF, Buckley PA, Road JD. The effects of refeeding on peripheral and respiratory muscle function in malnourished chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1990;142(2):283‐8. - PubMed
Williams 1983 {published data only}
    1. Williams RH, Alderson D, Fenwick JD, Turnbull SK, Boddy K, Dawes PJ, et al. Nutritional support in patients with malignant strictures of the oesophagus using a fine‐bore feeding tube. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 1983;37(2):139‐42. - PubMed
Williams 1985 {published data only}
    1. Williams R, Calvey H, Davis M. Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Metabolism and Nutrition in Liver Disease. 1985:361‐8. - PubMed
    1. Williams R, Calvey H, Davis M. Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation, with and without branched chain amino acid enrichment, in treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Journal of Hepatology 1985;1(2):141‐51. [PUBMED: 3932509] - PubMed
Williford 1991 {published data only}
    1. Eisenberg JM, Glick HA, Buzby GP, Kinosian B, Williford WO. Does perioperative total parenteral nutrition reduce medical care costs?. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1993;17(3):201‐9. - PubMed
    1. Williford WO. Perioperative total parenteral‐nutrition in surgical patients. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;325(8):525‐32. - PubMed
Wood 1989a {published data only}
    1. Wood CD, Glover J, McCune M, Hendricks J, Johns M, Pollard M. The effect of intravenous nutrition on muscle mass and exercise capacity in perioperative patients. American Journal of Surgery 1989;158(1):63‐7. - PubMed
Woolfson 1989 {published data only}
    1. Woolfson AMJ, Smith JAR. Elective nutritional support after major surgery: a prospective randomised trial. Clinical Nutrition 1989;8(1):15‐21. - PubMed
Wu 2007a {published data only}
    1. Wu GH, Zhang YW, Pan HT, Zhang B, Liu ZH, Wu ZH. A randomized controlled trial of postoperative artificial nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2007;10(6):546‐9. - PubMed
Xie 2014 {published data only}
    1. Xie W. Clinical effects of early enteral nutrition in combination with esomeprazole for digestive complications in elderly patients after artificial hip joint replacement. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2014;22(30):4674‐8.
Xu 1998a {published data only}
    1. Xu JF, Xu BH, Wang XF, Feng G, Tong B. Clinical use of parenteral nutrition in elderly abdominal patients during preoperative period. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;5(4):205‐7.
Xu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Xu WH, Qian YY, Xu ZH. Clinical studies on early postoperative enteral nutrition in patients with esophageal cancer. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2003;10(3):151‐3.
Yamada 1983 {published data only}
    1. Yamada N, Koyama H, Hioki K, Yamada T, Yamamoto M. Effect of postoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as an adjunct to gastrectomy for advanced gastric carcinoma. British Journal of Surgery 1983;70(5):267‐74. - PubMed
Yang 1996 {published data only}
    1. Yang DG, Shun RL, Hou SX, Zhu BC, Li XH. Early enteral nutrition after gastric operation. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1996;3(4):212‐4.
Yie 1996 {published data only}
    1. Yie WC. Early enteral nutrition support for the patients with carcinoma of esophagus and cardia. Chinese Journal of Cancer 1996;15(5):383‐4.
Yin 1994 {published data only}
    1. Yin HR, Jiao HB, Cao WX. Preoperative parenteral nutrition and adjuvant chemotherapy of gastric cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;2(2):65‐8.
Young 1989a {published data only}
    1. Young GA, Zeiderman MR, Thompson M, McMahon MJ. Influence of preoperative intravenous nutrition upon hepatic protein synthesis and plasma proteins and amino acids. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1989;13(6):596‐602. - PubMed
Zareba 2013a {published data only}
    1. Zareba K, Czygier M, Kamocki Z, Cepowicz D, Szmitkowski M, Kedra B. Parenteral nutrition and preop preparation in prevention of post‐operative insulin resistance in gastrointestinal carcinoma. Advances in Medical Sciences 2013;58(1):150‐5. - PubMed
Zeiderman 1989a {published data only}
    1. Zeiderman MR, Gowland G, Peel B, McMahon MJ. The influence of short‐term pre‐operative intravenous nutrition upon anthropometric variables, protein synthesis and immunological indices in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Clinical Science 1991;10(3):213‐21. - PubMed
    1. Zeiderman MR, King RF, Young GA, McMahon MJ. Metabolic changes in human liver associated with preoperative intravenous nutrition. Clinical Science 1989;77:343‐9. - PubMed
Zelic 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zelic M, Stimac D, Mendrila D, Tokmadzic VS, Fisic E, Uravic M, et al. Influence of preoperative oral feeding on stress response after resection for colon cancer. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2012;59(117):1385‐9. - PubMed
    1. Zelic M, Uravic M, Sustic A. Preoperative oral feeding reduces stress response after laparoscopic colorectal resection. European Surgery ‐ Acta Chirurgica Austriaca 2012;44(245 Suppl):6.
Zhang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang SQ, Sun HY. Effect of enteral nutrition therapy in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Chinese Journal of Hepatology 2013;21(10):769‐71. - PubMed
Zhao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhao M, Li XG, Ma YY, Liu Y, Wang LX, Shen JL, et al. Application of enteral nutrition during perichemotherapy of acute non‐lymphocytic leukemia. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2014;6(6):768‐71.
Zheng 2001a {published data only}
    1. Zheng Q, Hu Q. The influence of enteral nutrition on gut barrier in the post‐operative patients with damaged hepatic function. Journal of Tongji Medical University 2001;21(4):323‐5. - PubMed
Zheng 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zheng TH, Zhu XP, Liang HZ, Huang HX, Yang JD, Wang SS. Impact of early enteral nutrition on short term prognosis after acute stroke. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2015;22(9):1473‐6. - PubMed
Zhong 1998 {published data only}
    1. Zhong Y, Wang ZP, Zhang YM. Short‐period PN support for the elderly patients after hepatobiliary surgery and the changes of biochemistry. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;6(3):143‐4.
Zhong 2006a {published data only}
    1. Zhong ZQ, Song MM, Bai RX, Cheng S. Clinical effects of enteral nutrition‐assisted preoperative bowel preparation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;14(1):11‐4.
Zhong 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhong GY, Li YH, Ma LP, Huang CP. Early enteral nutrition and nursing care for prevention of complications of severe cerebrovascular diseases. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2014;22(11):1612‐5.
Zhu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Zhu JS, Jiang XH, Wang GT. Effect of early enteral nutrition therapy on cell factors in postoperative patients with gastric cancer. Chinese Journal of Digestion 2000;20(2):133‐4.
Zhu 2002a {published data only}
    1. Zhu LG, Hang DB, Che JM, Qiu WC, Chen ZY. The use of early enteral nutrition in post‐operative patients with esophageal or cardiac cancer. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2002;9(3):138‐40.
Zhu 2012a {published data only}
    1. Zhu DJ, Xu ZQ, Luo BY. Clinical observation of short term prognosis of acute severe stroke patients with early enteral and parenteral nutrition. Chinese Journal of Neurology 2012;45(12):855‐60.

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbasinazari 2011 {published data only}
    1. Abbasinazari M, Farsad BF, Alavi SM, Bakhshandeh H, Kharazmkia A, Ariaeinejad P. Comparison of Maastricht index between ICU admitted patients receiving a standard enteral feeding product or kitchen made enteral feeding in a teaching hospital of Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2011;20(81):53‐60.
Abitbol 1989 {published data only}
    1. Abitbol JL, Nitenberg G, Fuerxer F, Coudray‐Lucas C, Ekindjian FO, Pico JL, et al. Effects of varying nitrogen (N) intake of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. A randomized prospective trial [abstract]. Clinical Nutrition 1989;8(Spec Suppl):70.
Achord 1987 {published data only}
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Aguilar‐Nascimento 2002 {published data only}
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Akizuki 2009 {published data only}
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Albano 2003 {published data only}
    1. Albano F, Arigliani R, Mangani S, Brugo A, Chiamenti G, Guarino A. Espghan guidelines for acute gastroenteritis: a RCT on applicability and efficacy (the Pueris study). Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2003;36(4):539.
Aoki 2000 {published data only}
    1. Aoki K, Ikeda K, Sato N. Clinical appraisal of the additional total parenteral nutrition combined with postoperative enteral feeding on the patient of thoracic esophageal cancer surgery. Japanese Journal of Gastroenterological Surgery 2000;33(6):693‐702.
Aoki 2001 {published data only}
    1. Aoki K, Ikeda K, Sato N, Otsuka K, Nitta H, Ishida K, et al. Is postoperative short term dietary restriction by enteral route unfavorable for amino acids metabolism and wound healing?. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2001;25(1):S22‐3.
Arabi 2011 {published data only}
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Arcand 2005 {published data only}
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Arnaud‐Battandier 1999 {published data only}
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Arnold 1989 {published data only}
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Aronsson 2009 {published data only}
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Arustamyan 2011 {published data only}
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Arutiunov 2009 {published data only}
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Ashworth 2006 {published data only}
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Askanazi 1986 {published data only}
    1. Askanazi J, Hensle TW, Starker PM, Lockhart SH, LaSala PA, Olsson C, et al. Effect of immediate postoperative nutritional support on length of hospitalization. Annals of Surgery 1986;203(3):236‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Bachmann 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bachmann P. Peri‐operative nutrition. Nutrition Clinique Et Metabolisme 2008;22(1):33‐8.
Bachrach‐Lindström 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bachrach‐Lindström M, Johansson T, Unosson M, Ek AC, Wahlström O. Nutritional status and functional capacity after femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized one‐year follow‐up study. Aging (Milano) 2000;12(5):366‐74. - PubMed
Baek 1975 {published data only}
    1. Baek SM, Makabali GG, Bryan‐Brown CW, Kusek J, Shoemaker WC. The influence of parenteral nutrition on the course of acute renal failure. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 1975;141(3):405‐8. [PUBMED: 808871] - PubMed
Bakiner 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bakiner O, Bozkirli E, Giray S, Arlier Z, Kozanoglu I, Sezgin N, et al. Impact of early versus late enteral nutrition on cell mediated immunity and its relationship with glucagon like peptide‐1 in intensive care unit patients: a prospective study. Critical Care (London, England) 2013;17(3):R123. - PMC - PubMed
Bakker 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bakker OJ, Santvoort HC, Brunschot S, Ahmed Ali U, Besselink MG, Boermeester MA, et al. Pancreatitis, very early compared with normal start of enteral feeding (PYTHON trial): design and rationale of a randomised controlled multicenter trial. Trials 2011;12:73. - PMC - PubMed
Bar 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bar G, Sheiner E, Lezerovizt A, Lazer T, Hallak M. Early maternal feeding following caesarean delivery: a prospective randomised study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2008;87(1):68‐71. - PubMed
Barle 1997 {published data only}
    1. Barle H, Nyberg B, Andersson K, Essen P, McNurlan MA, Wernerman J, et al. The effects of short‐term parenteral nutrition on human liver protein and amino acid metabolism during laparoscopic surgery. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1997;21(6):330‐5. - PubMed
Baron 1986 {published data only}
    1. Baron PL, Lawrence W, Chan WM, White FK, Banks WL. Effects of parenteral nutrition on cell cycle kinetics of head and neck cancer. Archives of Surgery 1986;121(11):1282‐6. - PubMed
Barton 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barton AD, Beigg CL, Macdonald IA, Allison SP. A recipe for improving food intakes in elderly hospitalized patients. Clinical Nutrition 2000;19(6):451‐4. - PubMed
Bastarache 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bastarache JA, Ware LB, Girard TD, Wheeler AP, Rice TW. Markers of inflammation and coagulation may be modulated by enteral feeding strategy. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2012;36(6):732‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Bastian 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bastian L, Grotz M, Knop C, Mahlke L, Weimann A. Special problems and aspects of the enteral nutrition of polytraumatised patients. Hefte Zur der Unfallchirurg 1999;272:385‐6.
Bauer 2005a {published data only}
    1. Bauer J, Capra S, Battistutta D, Davidson W, Ash S. Compliance with nutrition prescription improves outcomes in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Clinical Nutrition 2005;24(6):998‐1004. - PubMed
Bauer 2005b {published data only}
    1. Bauer JD, Capra S. Nutrition intervention improves outcomes in patients with cancer cachexia receiving chemotherapy ‐ a pilot study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2005;13(4):270‐4. - PubMed
Bayer‐Berger 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bayer‐Berger M, Chiolero R, Freeman J, Hirschi B. Incidence of phlebitis in peripheral parenteral nutrition: effect of the different nutrient solutions. Clinical Nutrition 1989;8(4):181‐6. - PubMed
Beattie 2000 {published data only}
    1. Beattie AH, Prach AT, Baxter JP, Pennington CR. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of enteral nutritional supplements postoperatively in malnourished surgical patients. Gut 2000;46(6):813‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Beau 1986 {published data only}
    1. Beau P, Fabre J, Abitbol JL. Continuous ambulatory enteral nutrition in hospitalized adults: a prospective experience in 98 patients. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique 1986;10(2):134‐40. - PubMed
Benzineb 1995 {published data only}
    1. Benzineb N, Slim MN, Masmoudi A, Ben Taieb A, Sfar R. Value of early oral feeding after a cesarean section. Revue Française de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique 1995;90(5‐6):281‐2, 285. - PubMed
Bickel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Bickel A, Shtamler B, Mizrahi S. Early oral feeding following removal of nasogastric tube in gastrointestinal operations. A randomized prospective study. Archives of Surgery 1992;127(3):287‐9; discussion 289. - PubMed
Blackburn 1973 {published data only}
    1. Blackburn GL, Flatt JP, Clowes GH, O'Donnell TE. Peripheral intravenous feeding with isotonic amino acid solutions. American Journal of Surgery 1973;125(4):447‐54. - PubMed
Bonetti 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bonetti G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Scherini A, Malacrida R, Ronzoni G, et al. Methionine, cystathionine and cystine increased urinary losses during total parenteral nutrition of adult patients. Clinical Nutrition 1988;7(7):43‐8.
Bories 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bories PN, Campillo B. One‐month regular oral nutrition in alcoholic cirrhotic‐patients ‐ changes of nutritional‐status, hepatic‐function and serum‐lipid pattern. British Journal of Nutrition 1994;72(6):937‐46. - PubMed
Bos 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bos C, Benamouzig R, Bruhat A, Roux C, Mahe S, Valensi P, et al. Short‐term protein and energy supplementation activates nitrogen kinetics and accretion in poorly nourished elderly subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;71(5):1129‐37. - PubMed
Bos 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bos C, Benamouzig R, Bruhat A, Roux C, Valensi P, Ferriëre F, et al. Nutritional status after short‐term dietary supplementation in hospitalized malnourished geriatric patients. Clinical Nutrition 2001;20(3):225‐33. - PubMed
Boultetreau 1978 {published data only}
    1. Boultetreau P, Delafosse B, Flandrois C. Protein saving in the early postoperative period: comparative significance of exclusive parenteral nitrogen feeding and total parenteral feeding. Anesthésie, Analgésie, Réanimation 1978;35(1):41‐53. - PubMed
Bourdel‐Marchasson 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bourdel‐Marchasson I, Barateau M, Rondeau V, Dequae‐Merchadou L, Salles‐Montaudon N, Emeriau J P, et al. A multi‐center trial of the effects of oral nutritional supplementation in critically ill older inpatients. GAGE Group. Groupe Aquitain Geriatrique d'Evaluation. Nutrition 2000;16(1):1‐5. - PubMed
Bozzetti 1974 {published data only}
    1. Bozzetti F, Terno G, Longoni C. Postoperative parenteral hyperalimentation and wound healing in oncological surgery. Tumori 1974;60(1):53‐63. - PubMed
Bozzetti 1976 {published data only}
    1. Bozzetti F, Terno G, Pupa A, Uccellini M, Rota G, Emanuelli H. Parenteral hyperalimentation in patients with advanced neoplastic disease. Tumori 1976;62(6):623‐44. - PubMed
Bozzetti 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bozzetti F, Cozzaglio L, Gavazzi C, Bidoli P, Bonfanti G, Montalto F, et al. Nutritional support in patients with cancer of the esophagus: impact on nutritional status, patient compliance to therapy, and survival. Tumori 1998;84(6):681‐6. - PubMed
Bozzetti 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Miceli R, Rossi N, Mariani L, Cozzaglio L, et al. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in malnourished, gastrointestinal cancer patients: a randomized, clinical trial. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2000;24(1):7‐14. - PubMed
Braga 2002 {published data only}
    1. Braga M, Gianotti L, Nespoli L, Radaelli G, Carlo V. Nutritional approach in malnourished surgical patients: a prospective randomized study. Archives of Surgery 2002;137(2):174‐80. - PubMed
Braunschweig 2015 {published data only}
    1. Braunschweig CA, Sheean PM, Peterson SJ, Gomez Perez S, Freels S, Lateef O, et al. Intensive nutrition in acute lung injury: a clinical trial (Intact). Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2015;39(1):13‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Britton 2012 {published data only}
    1. Britton B, Baker A, Bauer J, Wolfenden L, Wratten C, Beck A, et al. Eat: a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial to improve nutrition in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;8:259.
Brooks 1999 {published data only}
    1. Brooks AD, Hochwald SN, Heslin MJ, Harrison LE, Burt M, Brennan MF. Intestinal permeability after early postoperative enteral nutrition in patients with upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1999;23(2):75‐9. - PubMed
Buchman 1969 {published data only}
    1. Buchman E, Kaung DT, Dolan K, Knapp RN. Unrestricted diet in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 1969;56(6):1016‐20. - PubMed
Burden 2011 {published data only}
    1. Al Bedah AA. Preoperative oral supplements in colorectal cancer. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2012;17(2):138‐9.
    1. Burden ST, Hill J, Shaffer JL, Campbell M, Todd C. An unblinded randomised controlled trial of preoperative oral supplements in colorectal cancer patients. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2011;24(5):441‐8. - PubMed
Buzby 1988 {published data only}
    1. Buzby GP, Knox LS, Crosby LO, Eisenberg JM, Haakenson CM, McNeal GE, et al. Study protocol: a randomized clinical trial of total parenteral nutrition in malnourished surgical patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;47(2):366‐81. - PubMed
Cabre 1990 {published data only}
    1. Cabre E, Gonzalez‐Huix F, Abad‐Lacruz A, Esteve M, Acero D, Fernandez‐Banares F, et al. Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short‐term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics. A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1990;98(3):715‐20. [PUBMED: 2105256] - PubMed
Cai 1999 {published data only}
    1. Cai DL, Chen XL, Hu TJ. The nutritional therapeutic effect of enteral nutrition on coma patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;7(2):63‐5.
Cai 2000 {published data only}
    1. Cai DL, Hu ZT, Zhu LP. The therapeutic effects of enteral nutrition on patients with colon cancer perceiving coloproctostomy. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;8(1):68‐9.
Cameron 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cameron ID, Kurrle SE, Uy C, Lockwood KA, Au L, Schaafsma FG. Effectiveness of oral nutritional supplementation for older women after a fracture: rationale, design and study of the feasibility of a randomized controlled study. BMC Geriatrics 2011;11:32. - PMC - PubMed
Cao 1994 {published data only}
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Capparros 1982 {published data only}
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Chadwick 2002 {published data only}
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Chatterjee 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chatterjee S, Bala S K, Chakraborty P, Dey R, Sinha S, Ray R, et al. A comparative study between early enteral feeding (within 24 hours) versus conventional enteral feeding after enteric anastomosis. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 2012;11(4):273‐83.
Chattophadhyay 2002 {published data only}
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Chen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Chen QP, Bian FG, Pei XC, Wang RH, Ou K. Randomized controlled studies on enteral and parenteral nutrition during early period after abdominal surgery. Chinese Journal of General Surgery 1994;3(6):328‐30.
Chen 2000c {published data only}
    1. Chen DW, Quan ZW, Luo MD. Application of enteral nutrtion and parenteral nutrition in patients undergoing major abdominal saurgery. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000; Vol. 8, issue 4:255‐6.
Chen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chen GQ, Xia Q. Short‐term EN and PN in abdominal surgery. Journal of China Clinic Medicine 2001;8(3):210‐1.
Chen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chen YJ, Yang Q, Zhao WC, Zhou ZL. Safety of application of enteral nutrition in non‐blood circulation disorders of elderly patients with intestinal obstruction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;18(3):162‐6.
Chen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chen H, Zhang YL. Early enteral nutrition support in patients with gastric cancer after surgical treatment: clinical efficacy and nursing strategies. World Chinese Journal of Digestology 2014;22(23):3475‐8.
Cheng 1997 {published data only}
    1. Cheng QM, Chao WX, Yin HR. Postoperative parenteral nutrition support of patients with gastro‐intestinal cancer. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1997;4(1):23‐5.
Chiarelli 1990 {published data only}
    1. Chiarelli A, Enzi G, Casadei A, Baggio B, Valerio A, Mazzoleni F. Very early nutrition supplementation in burned patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;51(6):1035‐9. - PubMed
Collins 1978 {published data only}
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Consoli 2010 {published data only}
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Cornu 2000 {published data only}
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Csapo 2003 {published data only}
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Cui 1994 {published data only}
    1. Cui XL, Guo ZR, Yuan HJ. The nutrition support of severely burned patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;2(3):121‐3.
Cui 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cui ZJ, Wang LC, Wang LY, Feng RG, Li C, Zheng S. Effect of individualized nutrition support on short‐term outcomes of elderly patients with refractory heart failure. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;21(2):65‐71.
Dag 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dag A, Colak T, Turkmenoglu O, Gundogdu R, Aydin S. A randomized controlled trial evaluating early versus traditional oral feeding after colorectal surgery. Clinics 2011;66(12):2001‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Daly 1987 {published data only}
    1. Daly JM, Bonau R, Stofberg P, Bloch A, Jeevanandam M, Morse M, et al. Immediate postoperative jejunostomy feeding. Clinical and metabolic results in a prospective trial. American Journal of Surgery 1987;153(2):198‐206. [PUBMED: 3101530] - PubMed
Davies 1998 {published data only}
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Dea 1996 {published data only}
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De Castro 2012 {published data only}
    1. Castro LG, Pontes‐Arruda A, Furtado‐Lima B, Do Ceara VDA, Neto HMC, Dos Santos MCfC, et al. The effect of parenteral nutrition delivery system upon intensive care and hospital days: an international, prospective, randomized, open‐label and controlled study. Critical Care Medicine 2012;40(12):U283.
De Lédinghen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lédinghen V, Beau P, Mannant PR, Ripault MP, Borderie C, Silvain C, et al. When is time feeding in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer? A randomized controlled study. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1998;22(3):282‐5. - PubMed
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Demetriou 1992 {published data only}
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Dhanraj 1997 {published data only}
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    1. Dias MC, Faintuch J, Cukler CS, Maculevicius J, Gana‐Rodrigues JJ, Pirotti HW. Oral diet and glutamine in patients with short bowel syndrome. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1999;23(5):S157.
Ding 1999 {published data only}
    1. Ding H, Wang DZ, Qiao C. Study of the treatment of IVGR by peripheral venous nutrition. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;7(1):40‐1.
Ding 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ding DY, Feng Y, Song B, Gao SH, Zhao JS. Effects of preoperative and postoperative enteral nutrition on postoperative nutritional status and immune function of gastric cancer patients. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 2015;26(2):181‐5. - PubMed
Dintinjana 2012 {published data only}
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Dixon 1984 {published data only}
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Dock‐Nascimento 2012 {published data only}
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Driver 1990 {published data only}
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Dupont 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dupont B, Dao T, Joubert C, Dupont‐Lucas C, Gloro R, Nguyen‐Khac E, et al. Randomised clinical trial: enteral nutrition does not improve the long‐term outcome of alcoholic cirrhotic patients with jaundice. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2012;35(10):1166‐74. - PubMed
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Efthimiou 1988 {published data only}
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Elke 2013 {published data only}
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El Nakeeb 2009 {published data only}
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Feldblum 2011 {published data only}
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Feng 2008 {published data only}
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Feo 2004 {published data only}
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Fernandez‐Estivariz 2006 {published data only}
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Flynn 1987 {published data only}
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Foltz 1987 {published data only}
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Fonseca 2011 {published data only}
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Fuenzalida 1990 {published data only}
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Ganzoni 1994 {published data only}
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Garcia‐Rodriguez 2013 {published data only}
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Genton 2004 {published data only}
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Georgieff 1980 {published data only}
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Gerasimidis 2014 {published data only}
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Grahm 1989 {published data only}
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Greenberg 1982 {published data only}
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Grizas 2008 {published data only}
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Haffejee 1980 {published data only}
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Han‐Geurts 2001 {published data only}
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Han‐Geurts 2007 {published data only}
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Harries 1983 {published data only}
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He 2000 {published data only}
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Heatley 1979 {published data only}
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Hedberg 1999 {published data only}
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Heslin 1997 {published data only}
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Hickey 1982 {published data only}
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Hidding 1988 {published data only}
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Hochwald 1997 {published data only}
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Honda 1990 {published data only}
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Hosseini 2010 {published data only}
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Hovels 1951 {published data only}
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Hu 1995 {published data only}
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Hu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hu QG, Zheng QC. The influence of enteral nutrition in postoperative patients with poor liver function. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;9(4):843‐6. - PMC - PubMed
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Ibrahim 2002 {published data only}
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    1. Isenring EA, Capra S, Bauer J. Outcome measures demonstrate the beneficial impact of nutrition support in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2003;27(1):S3‐4.
Isenring 2003b {published data only}
    1. Isenring EA, Capra S, Bauer J, Davies PS. Nutrition support is successful in maintaining body composition in oncology outpatients receiving radiotherapy. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2003;27(1):27.
Isenring 2004 {published data only}
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    1. Ishiki H, Iwase S, Gyoda Y, Kanai Y, Ariyoshi K, Miyaji T, et al. Oral nutritional support can shorten the duration of parenteral hydration in end‐of‐life cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition and Cancer 2015;67(1):105‐11. - PubMed
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Jiang 1994b {published data only}
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Jiang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Jiang ZM, Wang XR, Gu CY, Zheng W. The impact of enteral nutrition for post‐operative patients on nitrogen balance, gut permeability and cost/effect (60 cases randomized, controlled, multi‐center clinical trial). Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2001;9(2):73‐6.
Jiang 2002 {published data only}
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Jiang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jiang ZM, Wang XR, Wei JM. The impact of hypocaloric and lower nitrogen parenteral nutrition on blood glucose level, infection related complication, hospital stay and cost in postoperative patients (multi‐center, randomized, controlled clinical trail for 100 cases). Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;11(3):179‐83.
Jin 2002 {published data only}
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Kilic 2012 {published data only}
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Liao 1997 {published data only}
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Liao 2005 {published data only}
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Lindschinger 2000 {published data only}
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Liu 1998 {published data only}
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Liu 2000b {published data only}
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Luo 1999 {published data only}
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McCowen 2000 {published data only}
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Rabeneck 1998 {published data only}
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Shi 2002 {published data only}
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Tesinsky 1999 {published data only}
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Wang 2000a {published data only}
    1. Wang XH, Bao L, Mu YJ. Effect of parenteral nutrition support on nutrition condition and immunity function in advanced malignant tumor patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;8(2):112‐3.
Wang 2000b {published data only}
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Wang 2000c {published data only}
    1. Wang X, Pan C. Prospective control study of early parenteral nutrition in severe cerebral hemorrhage patients. Journal of Xi'an Medical University 2000;21(1):49‐51.
Wang 2006 {published data only}
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Wang 2011a {published data only}
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Wang 2012 {published data only}
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Wang 2013b {published data only}
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Wang 2015 {published data only}
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Warnold 1988 {published data only}
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Way 1975 {published data only}
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Wei 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wei HB, Han XY, Liu YZ. Effects of perioperative parenteral nutrition on T‐lymophocyte subsets in aged patients with colorectal cancer. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;8(4):161‐4.
Weiner 1985 {published data only}
    1. Weiner RS, Kramer BS, Clamon GH, Feld R, Evans W, Moran EM, et al. Effects of intravenous hyperalimentation during treatment in patients with small‐cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1985;3(7):949‐57. - PubMed
Weisdorf 1987 {published data only}
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Williams 1976 {published data only}
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Wong 2004 {published data only}
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Woo 1994 {published data only}
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Woolley 1996 {published data only}
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Wouters‐Wesseling 2002 {published data only}
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Wright 2006 {published data only}
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Wu 1996b {published data only}
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Wu 1999 {published data only}
    1. Wu WX, Xu Q, Hua YB, Shen LZ. Early enteral nutrition after colorectal resections: a prospective clinical trial. World Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology 1999;7(12):1024‐8.
Wu 2006 {published data only}
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Xiao 2000 {published data only}
    1. Xiao LY, Wang BF, Qiou ZX. Research of nutritional support in COPD patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;8(1):55‐6.
Xu 1995 {published data only}
    1. Xu HZ, Zhang Q. Nutrition of burned patients: prognosis indices of inflammation. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1995;3(2):39‐40,43.
Xu 1998b {published data only}
    1. Xu FZ, Gao FS, Wang AC, Wang AH, Liu YZ, Zhou CC, et al. Effect of short‐term intravenous nutritional supply on energy metabolism and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;5(2):80‐5.
Xu 1998c {published data only}
    1. Xu SC, Shun J. Application of parenteral nutrition in abdomen surgery. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;5(2):74‐5.
Xu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Xu PY, Tan J, Xu SC. Clinical study of early enteral feeding for patients after abdominal operation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;8(2):107‐9.
Yang 1997 {published data only}
    1. Yang YM, Wang H, Wu LM. Comparison of nutritive method after esophageal cancer operation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;5(4):185‐8.
Yao 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yao JF, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang GS, Zheng SB. Enteral nutrition before bowel preparation improves the safety of colonoscopy in the elderly. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;24(5):400‐5. - PubMed
Ye 2011 {published data only}
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Yetimalar 2010 {published data only}
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Yu 1999 {published data only}
    1. Yu SQ, Guo B, Ni MY. Diet intervention and free amino acid analysis in patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;7(2):58‐60.
Yu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yu CZ, Tuerhun A, Wang ZQ, YuM. Clinical application of homogenate diet and yogurt in patients with severe head injury. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;15(4):232‐6.
Yu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yu LN, Xi GM, Liu JX, Zhao ZX. Effects of nutritional support on serum amino acid spectrum and neurological function in acute stroke patients. Chinese Journal of Neurology 2012;45(12):849‐54.
Yuan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Yuan ZM, Huang LR, Chen ZL. Coagulant and enteral nutrition agent in the rehabilitation of deglutition disorders for patients with acute stroke. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7(28):3834‐5.
Yun 1993 {published data only}
    1. Yun HR, Cao WX, Lin YZ. Short term parenteral nutritional support and the changes of clinical biochemistry. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;1(1):28‐30.
Zandier 1998 {published data only}
    1. Zandier LM, Jias LM, Leon‐Knapp I, Wilson DO. Quality and cost implications of a new Nutrition Support Service (NSS) on parenteral nutrition (TPN) in a community teaching hospital. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1998;22(1):S19.
Zavertailo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Zavertailo LL, Semen'kova GV, Leiderman IN. Effect of an original enteral feeding protocol on clinical outcome indicators in patients with acute cerebral damage of vascular and traumatic genesis. Anesteziologiia i Reanimatologiia 2010;4:35‐8. - PubMed
Zelic 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zelic M, Stimac D, Mendrila D, Tokmadzic VS, Fisic E, Uravic M, et al. Preoperative oral feeding reduces stress response after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Hepato‐Gastroenterology 2013;60(127):1602‐6. - PubMed
Zhang 1996 {published data only}
    1. Zhang ZT, Wang Y, Xu YD, Li JS. The application of parenteral nutrition in portal vein in patients after operation on abdomen. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1996;3(2):114.
Zhang 2000a {published data only}
    1. Zhang JJ, Xuan HF, Gu SJ. Clinical evaluation of rationality of nutrition support in the cases of serious cerebral injuries. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;8(1):14‐7.
Zhang 2000b {published data only}
    1. Zhang SG, Yu ZH, Ran CL. Nutritional support in critically ill patients of surgery. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;8(1):58‐9.
Zhang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zhang JJ, Dong WF, Gu SJ, Zhang J, Xuan HF, Xie RL. Clinical study on the early nutrition support in postoperative patients with critical hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Chinese Critical Care Medicine 2004;16(9):552‐5. - PubMed
Zhang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhang YY, Qin DY, Ni XY. Clinical effect of enteral nutrient solution in improving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients under mechanical ventilation. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;14(1):33‐6.
Zhang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhang YS, Shu XL, Zhong JX, Sheng Y, Meng BL. Total parenteral nutrition combined with enteral nutrition in treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 2011;32(7):737‐40.
Zhao 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zhao HC, Zhang R. The observation and analysis for nutritional support prolonging survival in patients with middle and advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1995;2(1):39‐40.
Zhao 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhao XL, Xue GJ, Liu YL, Wan MH, Chen GY, Tang WF. Influence of early refeeding on triglyceride in patients with mild acute pancreatitis. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2012;6(2):633‐7.
Zhao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhao HY, Zhao HY, Wang Y, Jing H, Ding Q, Xue J. Randomized clinical trial of arginine‐supplemented enteral nutrition versus standard enteral nutrition in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 2015;141(3):573. - PMC - PubMed
Zhen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhen JS, Xu JF, Guo YJ. Clinical study of early enteral feeding in severe head injury. Journal of Traumatic Surgery 2002;4(1):24‐5.
Zheng 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zheng TH, Wang SS, Chen ZL, Yang JD, Zhao HF, Cheng L. The effect of early enteral nutrition support on immunological function in patients with acute stroke. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;3(8):356‐60.
Zhong 2006b {published data only}
    1. Zhong HJ, Ying JE, Ma SL. Effect of Supportan on nutritional status and immune function of late‐staged gastric cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2006;9(5):405‐8. - PubMed
Zhou 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhou T, Wu XT, Zhou YJ, Huang X, Fan W, Li YC. Early removing gastrointestinal decompression and early oral feeding improve patients' rehabilitation after colorectostomy. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;12(15):2459‐63. - PMC - PubMed
Zhu 2002b {published data only}
    1. Zhu MW, Wei JM, Zhao X, Cao JF, Tang DN, Chen Y, et al. The clinical study on the internal nutrition improving the nutritional metabolism and intestinal mucosa barrier of aged post‐traumatic patients. Chinese Journal of Geriatrics 2002;21(1):34‐6.
Zhuang 1997 {published data only}
    1. Zhuang YY, Wang YW, Zhao T. Application of compound diet in enteral nutrition of hospitalized patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;5(4):189‐91.
Zingirenko 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zingirenko VB. Nutritive support using special mixtures for enteral nutrition in the intensive therapy of patients with peritonitis. Experimental & Clinical Gastroenterology 2007;2:131‐7. - PubMed
Zou 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zou J, Liu Y, Shan Y, Li D, Shuai W, Zhu Y, et al. Effect of early enteral nutrition on mechanically ventilated patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;22(1):34‐7.
Zwaluw 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zwaluw NL, Rest O, Tieland M, Adam JJ, Hiddink GJ, Loon LJ. The impact of protein supplementation on cognitive performance in frail elderly. European Journal of Nutrition 2014;53(3):803‐12. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Anonymous 2003 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Nutrition. Complementary therapies in Ontario. Treatment Update 2003;15:4‐5. - PubMed
Cao 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cao W, Lin Y, Yin H. [Use of parenteral nutritional support in patients with gastric cancer: the relationship of protein turn over, immunocompetence and tumor cell kinetics]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 1995;33(5):265‐8. - PubMed
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Chai 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chai DL, Chen XL, Hu TJ, Chao F, Zhu LP. [Effect of enteral nutrition treatment on coma patients]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1998;6:162‐6.
Dai 1993 {published data only}
    1. Dai FS, Liu Y, Zhou HT, Yi PT. [The effect of nitrogen sparing infusion treatment on the protein metabolism of post‐operation patients with common gastroenteric diseases]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1993;1:8‐10.
Driver 1994 {published data only}
    1. Driver L. Evaluation of supplemental nutrition in elderly orthopaedic patients [PhD thesis]. Guildford, Surrey (UK): University of Surrey, 1994.
Eckart 1992 {published data only}
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Guo 1998 {published data only}
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Hu 1996 {published data only}
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Huang 1990 {published data only}
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Huo 1998 {published data only}
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Jin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Jin Y. Effects of early enteral hyper nutrition therapy on IL 2 system of postoperative patients with late colon cancer. Tumor 2000;20(6):443‐44.
Kolacinski 1993 {published data only}
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Li 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li CZ, Li QS, Li X, Yan JH, Wang RL, Jiang RX. Enhanced nutritional therapy may promote wound healing after endoscopic therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices. Chung Hua Kan Tsang Ping Tsa Chih 2013;21(10):739‐42. - PubMed
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Liu 1996 {published data only}
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Liu 1996a {published data only}
    1. Liu JC, Qi SZ, Gu TM, Lin HW. [Enteral nutrition of burn patients during early period]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1996;4:182‐4.
Lu 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lu Q, Wang JP. [Effect of postoperative total parenteral nutrition on immunocompetence in patients with advanced gastric cancer]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1997;5:116‐21.
Lv 1995 {published data only}
    1. Lv GZ, Yu JJ. [Clinical application of early gastrointestinal tract feeding after extensive burn]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;13:83‐5.
Mori 1992 {published data only}
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Rovera 1989 {published data only}
    1. Rovera L, Rolle G, Alliaudi C, Aloi MR, Buffa G, Cocimano V, et al. Usefullness of preoperative nutritional support in patients with bladder cancer. Rivista Italiana di Nutrizione Parenterale ed Enterale 1989;7:79‐85.
Serrou 1982a {published data only}
    1. Serrou B, Cupissol D, Plagne R, Boutin P, Chollet P, Carcassonne Y, et al. Follow‐up of a randomized trial for oat cell carcinoma evaluating the efficacy of peripheral intravenous nutrition (PIVN) as adjunct treatment. Recent Results in Cancer Research 1982;80:246‐53. - PubMed
Volkert 1996 {published data only}
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Wenzel 1968 {published data only}
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Wu 1995 {published data only}
    1. Wu CW, Meng HC, Mok KT, Kung SP, Lin SH, Liu WY, et al. Effect of total parenteral nutrition on the postoperative outcome in aged patients with gastric cancer. Digestive Surgery 1995;12:164‐70.
Wu 1996a {published data only}
    1. Wu GH, Jin DY, Wu ZH, Huang DX, Wu ZG. [A study on the effect and safety of early enteral nutrition after gastrointestinal operation]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1996;4:123‐7.
Xue 1996 {published data only}
    1. Xue ZX, Bian WL. Clinical experiences in nutrition support in extensive burned patients. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1996;4:29‐31.
Yoichi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Yoichi S. Clinical evaluation of the hyperalimentation preparations GA‐1080(L) and GA‐1080(H): a multicenter randomized comparative trial with commercially available preparations. Japanese Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 1996;73:731‐50.
Yu 1995 {published data only}
    1. Yu JG, Chen RH, Xu JY. [Application of venous nutrition in the treatment of acute necrotic pancreatitis]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1995;3:13‐4.
Yu 1996 {published data only}
    1. Yu QX, Liu JC, Gu TM, Zhang XH. [Evaluation on the tolerance of tube feeding in patients with severe burn]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1996;4:132‐3.
Zeng 1997 {published data only}
    1. Zeng SW, Yiao JL. [Application of two way nutrition support in acute necrotic pancreatitis]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1997;5:121‐3.
Zhen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Zhen F. [Preoperative nutritional support of patients with hepatic decompensation in the cirrhotic stage]. Chinese Journal of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 1997;5:50‐4.

References to ongoing studies

Alim‐K {published data only}
    1. Pazart L, Cretin E, Grodard G, Cornet C, Mathieu‐Nicot F, Bonnetain F, et al. Parenteral nutrition at the palliative phase of advanced cancer: the ALIM‐K study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:370. [PUBMED: 25248371] - PMC - PubMed
Games‐Lopez 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gamez‐Lopez AL, Bonilla‐Palomas JL, Anguita‐Sanchez M, Morendo‐Conde M, Lopez‐Ibanez C, Alhambra‐Exposito R. Rationale and design of PICNIC study: nutritional intervention program in hospitalized patients with heart failure who are malnourished. Revista Española de Cardiología 2014;67(4):277‐82. - PubMed
NCT02517476 {published data only}
    1. NCT02517476. Effect of early nutritional therapy on frailty, functional outcomes and recovery of undernourished medical inpatients trial (EFFORT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02517476 July 30, 2015.
NCT02624752 {published data only}
    1. NCT02624752. Oral nutrition supplementation in hospitalized patients (NutriSup Oral). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02624752 December 4, 2015.
NCT02632630 {published data only}
    1. NCT02632630. Nutrition supplementation in hospitalized patients (NutriSuP). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02632630 December 3, 2015.
Ridley 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ridley EJ, Davies AR, Parke R, Bailey M, McArthur C, Gillanders L, et al. Supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a study protocol for a phase ii randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:1‐9. - PMC - PubMed

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