Multicenter Study

. 2017 Jul 4;70(1):1-25.

doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052. Epub 2017 May 17.

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Gregory A Roth¹, Catherine Johnson², Amanuel Abajobir³, Foad Abd-Allah⁴, Semaw Ferede Abera⁵, Gebre Abyu⁵, Muktar Ahmed⁶, Baran Aksut⁷, Tahiya Alam², Khurshid Alam⁸, François Alla⁹, Nelson Alvis-Guzman¹⁰, Stephen Amrock¹¹, Hossein Ansari¹², Johan Ärnlöv¹³, Hamid Asayesh¹⁴, Tesfay Mehari Atey⁵, Leticia Avila-Burgos¹⁵, Ashish Awasthi¹⁶, Amitava Banerjee¹⁷, Aleksandra Barac¹⁸, Till Bärnighausen¹⁹, Lars Barregard²⁰, Neeraj Bedi²¹, Ezra Belay Ketema⁵, Derrick Bennett²², Gebremedhin Berhe⁵, Zulfiqar Bhutta²³, Shimelash Bitew²⁴, Jonathan Carapetis²⁵, Juan Jesus Carrero²⁶, Deborah Carvalho Malta²⁷, Carlos Andres Castañeda-Orjuela²⁸, Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas²⁹, Ferrán Catalá-López³⁰, Jee-Young Choi³¹, Hanne Christensen³², Massimo Cirillo³³, Leslie Cooper Jr³⁴, Michael Criqui³⁵, David Cundiff³⁶, Albertino Damasceno³⁷, Lalit Dandona³⁸, Rakhi Dandona³⁸, Kairat Davletov³⁹, Samath Dharmaratne⁴⁰, Prabhakaran Dorairaj⁴¹, Manisha Dubey⁴², Rebecca Ehrenkranz², Maysaa El Sayed Zaki⁴³, Emerito Jose A Faraon⁴⁴, Alireza Esteghamati⁴⁵, Talha Farid⁴⁶, Maryam Farvid¹⁹, Valery Feigin⁴⁷, Eric L Ding¹⁹, Gerry Fowkes⁴⁸, Tsegaye Gebrehiwot⁶, Richard Gillum¹⁹, Audra Gold², Philimon Gona⁴⁹, Rajeev Gupta⁵⁰, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold⁵¹, Nima Hafezi-Nejad⁴⁵, Tesfaye Hailu⁵, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu⁵, Graeme Hankey²⁵, Hamid Yimam Hassen⁵², Kalkidan Hassen Abate⁶, Rasmus Havmoeller²⁶, Simon I Hay⁵³, Masako Horino⁵⁴, Peter J Hotez⁵⁵, Kathryn Jacobsen⁵⁶, Spencer James⁵⁷, Mehdi Javanbakht⁵⁸, Panniyammakal Jeemon⁴¹, Denny John⁵⁹, Jost Jonas⁶⁰, Yogeshwar Kalkonde⁶¹, Chante Karimkhani⁶², Amir Kasaeian⁴⁵, Yousef Khader⁶³, Abdur Khan⁴⁶, Young-Ho Khang⁶⁴, Sahil Khera⁶⁵, Abdullah T Khoja⁶⁶, Jagdish Khubchandani⁶⁷, Daniel Kim⁶⁸, Dhaval Kolte⁶⁹, Soewarta Kosen⁷⁰, Kristopher J Krohn², G Anil Kumar⁷¹, Gene F Kwan⁷², Dharmesh Kumar Lal⁷¹, Anders Larsson¹³, Shai Linn⁷³, Alan Lopez⁸, Paulo A Lotufo⁷⁴, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek⁴³, Reza Malekzadeh⁴⁵, Mohsen Mazidi⁷⁵, Toni Meier⁷⁶, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles⁵, George Mensah⁷⁷, Atte Meretoja⁸, Haftay Mezgebe⁵, Ted Miller⁷⁸, Erkin Mirrakhimov⁷⁹, Shafiu Mohammed⁸⁰, Andrew E Moran⁸¹, Kamarul Imran Musa⁸², Jagat Narula⁸³, Bruce Neal⁸⁴, Frida Ngalesoni⁸⁵, Grant Nguyen², Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer⁸⁶, Mayowa Owolabi⁸⁷, George Patton⁸, João Pedro⁸⁸, Dima Qato⁸⁹, Mostafa Qorbani⁹⁰, Kazem Rahimi²², Rajesh Kumar Rai⁹¹, Salman Rawaf⁹², Antônio Ribeiro²⁷, Saeid Safiri⁹³, Joshua A Salomon¹⁹, Itamar Santos⁷⁴, Milena Santric Milicevic¹⁸, Benn Sartorius⁹⁴, Aletta Schutte⁹⁵, Sadaf Sepanlou⁴⁵, Masood Ali Shaikh⁹⁶, Min-Jeong Shin⁹⁷, Mehdi Shishehbor⁷, Hirbo Shore⁹⁸, Diego Augusto Santos Silva⁹⁹, Eugene Sobngwi¹⁰⁰, Saverio Stranges¹⁰¹, Soumya Swaminathan¹⁰², Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos³⁰, Niguse Tadele Atnafu⁵², Fisaha Tesfay⁵, J S Thakur¹⁰³, Amanda Thrift¹⁰⁴, Roman Topor-Madry¹⁰⁵, Thomas Truelsen¹⁰⁶, Stefanos Tyrovolas¹⁰⁷, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja¹⁰⁸, Olalekan Uthman¹⁰⁹, Tommi Vasankari¹¹⁰, Vasiliy Vlassov¹¹¹, Stein Emil Vollset¹¹², Tolassa Wakayo⁶, David Watkins², Robert Weintraub¹¹³, Andrea Werdecker¹¹⁴, Ronny Westerman¹¹⁴, Charles Shey Wiysonge¹¹⁵, Charles Wolfe¹¹⁶, Abdulhalik Workicho⁶, Gelin Xu¹¹⁷, Yuichiro Yano¹¹⁸, Paul Yip¹¹⁹, Naohiro Yonemoto¹²⁰, Mustafa Younis¹²¹, Chuanhua Yu¹²², Theo Vos², Mohsen Naghavi², Christopher Murray²

Affiliations

¹ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: rothg@uw.edu.
² University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
³ University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴ Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁵ Mekelle University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁶ Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
⁷ Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
⁸ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁹ University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
¹⁰ Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
¹¹ Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
¹² Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
¹³ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁴ Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
¹⁵ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
¹⁶ Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
¹⁷ University College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁸ University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁹ Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
²⁰ University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²¹ College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
²² University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
²³ Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
²⁴ Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
²⁵ The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
²⁶ Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
²⁸ Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
²⁹ Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
³⁰ University of València/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, València, Spain.
³¹ Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
³² Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³³ University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
³⁴ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
³⁵ University of California, San Diego, California.
³⁶ Long Beach, California.
³⁷ Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
³⁸ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
³⁹ Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁴⁰ University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
⁴¹ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, India.
⁴² International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
⁴³ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁴⁴ University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
⁴⁵ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁶ University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
⁴⁷ Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁴⁸ University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh United Kingdom.
⁴⁹ University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵⁰ Eternal Heart Care Center and Research Institute, Jaipur, India.
⁵¹ University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁵² Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia.
⁵³ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁵⁴ Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, Nevada.
⁵⁵ Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
⁵⁶ George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
⁵⁷ Denver Health/University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado.
⁵⁸ University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
⁵⁹ International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India.
⁶⁰ Ruprecht-Karls Universitaet Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶¹ Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India.
⁶² Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio.
⁶³ Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
⁶⁴ Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁶⁵ New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
⁶⁶ Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶⁷ Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
⁶⁸ Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁶⁹ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
⁷⁰ Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁷¹ Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁷² Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁷³ University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
⁷⁴ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁷⁵ Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁷⁶ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
⁷⁷ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
⁷⁸ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Beltsville, Maryland.
⁷⁹ Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
⁸⁰ Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
⁸¹ Columbia University, New York, New York.
⁸² University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
⁸³ The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
⁸⁴ The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁵ Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
⁸⁶ American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁸⁷ College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁸⁸ University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁸⁹ University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
⁹⁰ Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
⁹¹ Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Birbhum, India.
⁹² Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁹³ Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
⁹⁴ University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
⁹⁵ North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
⁹⁶ Independent Consultant, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁹⁷ Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹⁸ Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
⁹⁹ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
¹⁰⁰ University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
¹⁰¹ Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
¹⁰² Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
¹⁰³ Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
¹⁰⁴ Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰⁵ Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁰⁶ University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁰⁷ Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰⁸ Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁹ University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁰ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
¹¹¹ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹¹² Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹³ Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹⁴ Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
¹¹⁵ Cochrane South Africa, Tygerberg, South Africa.
¹¹⁶ King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁷ Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
¹¹⁸ Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
¹¹⁹ University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
¹²⁰ Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
¹²¹ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
¹²² Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

PMID: 28527533
PMCID: PMC5491406
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052

Multicenter Study

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Gregory A Roth et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017.

. 2017 Jul 4;70(1):1-25.

doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052. Epub 2017 May 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: rothg@uw.edu.
² University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
³ University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴ Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁵ Mekelle University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁶ Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
⁷ Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
⁸ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
⁹ University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
¹⁰ Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
¹¹ Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
¹² Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
¹³ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁴ Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
¹⁵ National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
¹⁶ Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
¹⁷ University College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁸ University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁹ Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
²⁰ University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²¹ College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
²² University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
²³ Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
²⁴ Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
²⁵ The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
²⁶ Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷ Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
²⁸ Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia.
²⁹ Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica.
³⁰ University of València/INCLIVA Health Research Institute and CIBERSAM, València, Spain.
³¹ Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
³² Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³³ University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
³⁴ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
³⁵ University of California, San Diego, California.
³⁶ Long Beach, California.
³⁷ Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
³⁸ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
³⁹ Republican Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁴⁰ University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
⁴¹ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, India.
⁴² International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
⁴³ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁴⁴ University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
⁴⁵ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴⁶ University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
⁴⁷ Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁴⁸ University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh United Kingdom.
⁴⁹ University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁵⁰ Eternal Heart Care Center and Research Institute, Jaipur, India.
⁵¹ University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁵² Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia.
⁵³ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁵⁴ Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health, Carson City, Nevada.
⁵⁵ Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
⁵⁶ George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
⁵⁷ Denver Health/University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado.
⁵⁸ University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
⁵⁹ International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India.
⁶⁰ Ruprecht-Karls Universitaet Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶¹ Society for Education, Action and Research in Community Health, Gadchiroli, India.
⁶² Case Western University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio.
⁶³ Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
⁶⁴ Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁶⁵ New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
⁶⁶ Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶⁷ Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
⁶⁸ Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁶⁹ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
⁷⁰ Health Policy and Humanities, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁷¹ Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁷² Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁷³ University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
⁷⁴ University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁷⁵ Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁷⁶ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
⁷⁷ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
⁷⁸ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Beltsville, Maryland.
⁷⁹ Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
⁸⁰ Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
⁸¹ Columbia University, New York, New York.
⁸² University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
⁸³ The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York.
⁸⁴ The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁵ Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
⁸⁶ American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁸⁷ College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁸⁸ University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁸⁹ University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
⁹⁰ Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
⁹¹ Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Birbhum, India.
⁹² Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁹³ Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
⁹⁴ University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
⁹⁵ North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
⁹⁶ Independent Consultant, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁹⁷ Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹⁸ Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
⁹⁹ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
¹⁰⁰ University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
¹⁰¹ Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
¹⁰² Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
¹⁰³ Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
¹⁰⁴ Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰⁵ Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
¹⁰⁶ University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁰⁷ Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰⁸ Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
¹⁰⁹ University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁰ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
¹¹¹ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
¹¹² Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
¹¹³ Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹⁴ Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
¹¹⁵ Cochrane South Africa, Tygerberg, South Africa.
¹¹⁶ King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁷ Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
¹¹⁸ Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
¹¹⁹ University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
¹²⁰ Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
¹²¹ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
¹²² Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.

PMID: 28527533
PMCID: PMC5491406
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052

Abstract

Background: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world.

Objectives: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden.

Methods: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility.

Results: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75.

Conclusions: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.

Keywords: cause of death; epidemiology; global health.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

**Figure 1**
Global Map, Age-Standardized Prevalence of CVD in 2015 Choropleth map showing the estimated age-standardized prevalence of total CVD in 2015 for each country. ATG = Antigua and Barbuda; BRB = Barbados; COM = Comoros; CVD = cardiovascular diseases; DMA = Dominica; E Med = Eastern Mediterranean; FJI = Fiji; FSM = Federated States of Micronesia; GRD = Grenada; KIR = Kiribati; KS = Kaposi sarcoma; LCA = Saint Lucia; MDV = Maldives; MHL = Marshall Islands; MLT = Malta; MUS = Mauritius; NMSC = nonmelanoma skin cancer; SGP = Singapore; SLB = Solomon Islands; SYC = Seychelles; TLS = Timor-Leste; TON = Tonga; TTO = Trinidad and Tobago; VCT = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; VUT = Vanuatu; W Africa = West Africa; WSM = Samoa.

**Central Illustration**
Global Map, Age-Standardized Death Rate of CVD in 2015 Choropleth map showing the estimated age-standardized mortality rate of total CVD in 2015 for each country. ATG = Antigua and Barbuda; BRB = Barbados; COM = Comoros; CVD = cardiovascular diseases; DMA = Dominica; E Med = Eastern Mediterranean; FJI = Fiji; FSM = Federated States of Micronesia; GRD = Grenada; KIR = Kiribati; KS = Kaposi sarcoma; LCA = Saint Lucia; MDV = Maldives; MHL = Marshall Islands; MLT = Malta; MUS = Mauritius; NMSC = nonmelanoma skin cancer; SGP = Singapore; SLB = Solomon Islands; SYC = Seychelles; TLS = Timor-Leste; TON = Tonga; TTO = Trinidad and Tobago; VCT = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; VUT = Vanuatu; W Africa = West Africa; WSM = Samoa.

**Figure 2**
Age-Standardized CVD Mortality Rate, From 1990 to 2015, of 21 GBD World Regions by SDI Relationship between age-standardized mortality rate for CVD and SDI over time. Each **colored line** represents a time trend of the relationship for the specified region. Each **point** represents a specific year for that region. The **black line** represents the overall global trend for age-standardized death rate of CVD in relation to SDI. CVD = cardiovascular diseases; GBD = Global Burden of Disease; SDI = sociodemographic index.

**Figure 3**
Relationship Between Age-Standardized Mortality Rate, CVD Cause, and SDI, by Sex This figure displays the distribution of age-standardized death rate by causes of CVD mortality by SDI. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

**Figure 4**
Percent of Age-Standardized Prevalent Cases per 100,000 for CVD Causes, 2015 This figure displays the relative distribution of age-standardized prevalence by CVD cause for 21 GBD world regions. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

**Figure 5**
Percent of Age-Standardized Deaths per 100,000 for CVD Causes, 2015 This figure displays the relative distribution of age-standardized prevalence by CVD cause for 21 GBD world regions. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Global Scourge of Cardiovascular Disease: Time for Health Care Systems Reform and Precision Population Health.
Mozaffarian D. Mozaffarian D. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 4;70(1):26-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.007. Epub 2017 May 17. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017. PMID: 28527667 No abstract available.

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1. Alwan A., for the World Health Organization . World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2011. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010.
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1. United Nations. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. Accessed April 30, 2017.

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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Affiliations

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Figures

Comment in

References

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MeSH terms

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LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

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Medical

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