Photofunctionalization of dental zirconia oxide: Surface modification to improve bio-integration preserving crystal stability

Abstract

The use of zirconium oxide in dental implantology is rapidly increasing as it is regarded as being more aesthetical and biologically friendly than titanium oxide. The interaction of titanium oxide with cells and proteins has proven to be significantly affected by the inevitable atmospheric hydrocarbon contamination, defined as biological ageing. The latter has proven to be effectively reversed by UVC irradiation. Crystal structures of both Zr and Ti oxides are very similar, thus also ZrO₂ is prone to contamination by hydrocarbons. In the present study we have characterized the chemical-physical changes occurring to ZrO₂ after UVC irradiation. Firstly a reduction by 3-fold of carbon present on its surface. XRD analysis has indicated that UVC irradiation treatment does not affect the crystalline structure of ZrO₂, suggesting that it is possible to improve cell attachment on the surface without sacrificing the mechanical strength of the material. In addition a chemical model of interaction of cell surface proteins with the almost carbon free ZrO₂ surface obtainable after UVC irradiation is proposed, pointing to the important role likely played by integrins and RGD sequences originating in soluble proteins adsorbed at the cell/ZrO₂ interface. Hence in clinical practice UVC photofunctionalization could improve the soft tissue seal around dental implants functioning as a valid barrier between implant and peri-implant bone, thereby improving the long-term success of implants.

Keywords: Dental implantology; Photofunctionalization; Surface decontamination; UVC; Zirconium oxide.