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Review
. 2017 May 19;5(2):27.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5020027.

From Genome to Phenotype: An Integrative Approach to Evaluate the Biodiversity of Lactococcus lactis

Valérie Laroute  1 , Hélène Tormo  2 , Christel Couderc  3 , Muriel Mercier-Bonin  4 , Pascal Le Bourgeois  5   6 , Muriel Cocaign-Bousquet  7 , Marie-Line Daveran-Mingot  8   9
Affiliations
Review

From Genome to Phenotype: An Integrative Approach to Evaluate the Biodiversity of Lactococcus lactis

Valérie Laroute et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

Lactococcus lactis is one of the most extensively used lactic acid bacteria for the manufacture of dairy products. Exploring the biodiversity of L. lactis is extremely promising both to acquire new knowledge and for food and health-driven applications. L. lactis is divided into four subspecies: lactis, cremoris, hordniae and tructae, but only subsp. lactis and subsp. cremoris are of industrial interest. Due to its various biotopes, Lactococcus subsp. lactis is considered the most diverse. The diversity of L. lactis subsp. lactis has been assessed at genetic, genomic and phenotypic levels. Multi-Locus Sequence Type (MLST) analysis of strains from different origins revealed that the subsp. lactis can be classified in two groups: "domesticated" strains with low genetic diversity, and "environmental" strains that are the main contributors of the genetic diversity of the subsp. lactis. As expected, the phenotype investigation of L. lactis strains reported here revealed highly diverse carbohydrate metabolism, especially in plant- and gut-derived carbohydrates, diacetyl production and stress survival. The integration of genotypic and phenotypic studies could improve the relevance of screening culture collections for the selection of strains dedicated to specific functions and applications.

Keywords: Lactococcus lactis; diacetyl; diversity; genotype; phenotype; raffinose metabolism.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The two phylogenetic groups of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. The unrooted maximum likelihood tree (bootstrap 500, Tamura 3-parameter model) was constructed from the concatenated sequences of the six loci of MLST scheme from [41]. Open circles correspond to the different sequence type (ST). The size of the circles is proportional to the number of strains.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Putative raffinose metabolism in the environmental L. lactis subsp. lactis A12 strain.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Main contributors to diacetyl/acetoin production. (a) pathways involved in citrate metabolism and aroma production. Pyruvate is a key intermediate. (b) chromosomal citrate operon and plasmidic citP gene involved in citrate transport.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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