Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2017 Mar 10;5(1):11.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines5010011.

Viroimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Studies

Shyambabu Chaurasiya  1 , Susanne Warner  2
Affiliations
Review

Viroimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Studies

Shyambabu Chaurasiya et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer incidence and death. Therapies for those with unresectable or recurrent disease are not considered curative at present. More effective and less toxic therapies are desperately needed. Historically, the immune system was thought to be an enemy to oncolytic viral therapy. Thinking that oncolysis would be the only mechanism for cell death, oncolytic virologists theorized that immune clearance was a detriment to oncolysis. Recent advances in our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, and the interplay of tumor survival and a patient's immune system have called into question our understanding of both arenas. It remains unclear what combination of restrictions or enhancements of innate and/or cell-mediated immunity can yield the highest likelihood of viral efficacy. This article reviews the variety of mechanisms explored for viruses such as immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.

Keywords: colorectal cancer; immunotherapy; oncolytic virus; viral gene therapy.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
CAR-T cells as carrier for oncolytic viruses. TSA: tumor specific antigen; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; OVs: oncolytic viruses; CAR-T: CAR expressing T-cells.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Siegel R., Desantis C., Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2014;64:104–117. doi: 10.3322/caac.21220. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Melcher A., Parato K., Rooney C.M., Bell J.C. Thunder and lightning: Immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses collide. Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther. 2011;19:1008–1016. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.65. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tsun A., Miao X.N., Wang C.M., Yu D.C. In: Oncolytic Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. Zhang S., editor. Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 2016. - PubMed
    1. Fulci G., Breymann L., Gianni D., Kurozomi K., Rhee S.S., Yu J., Kaur B., Louis D.N., Weissleder R., Caligiuri M.A., et al. Cyclophosphamide enhances glioma virotherapy by inhibiting innate immune responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103:12873–12878. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605496103. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lun X.Q., Jang J.H., Tang N., Deng H., Head R., Bell J.C., Stojdl D.F., Nutt C.L., Senger D.L., Forsyth P.A., et al. Efficacy of systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia virotherapy for malignant gliomas is enhanced by combination therapy with rapamycin or cyclophosphamide. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009;15:2777–2788. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2342. - DOI - PubMed