Imaging of amino acid transport in brain tumours: Positron emission tomography with O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET)

Abstract

The assessment of cerebral gliomas using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent structural images but cannot solve all diagnostic problems satisfactorily. The differentiation of tumour tissue from non-neoplastic changes may be difficult especially in the post-treatment phase. In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET) using radiolabelled amino acids has gained considerable interest as an additional tool to improve the diagnosis of cerebral gliomas and brain metastases. A key step for this advancement was the development of the F-18 labelled amino acid O-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) which has spread rapidly in the last decade and replaced carbon-11 labelled amino acid tracers such as ¹¹C-methyl-L-methionine (MET) in many centres in Europe. FET can be produced with high efficiency and distributed in a satellite concept like 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Furthermore, FET exhibits favourable properties such as high in vivo stability, high tumour to background contrast and tissue specific tracer kinetics, which provides additional information for tumour grading or differential diagnosis. The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group - an international effort to develop new standardized response criteria for clinical trials in brain tumours - has recently recommended the additional use of amino acid PET imaging for brain tumour management. FET PET can provide important diagnostic information in crucial situations such as the definition of biopsy site, the delineation of cerebral gliomas for therapy planning, sensitive monitoring of treatment response and an improved differentiation of tumour recurrence from treatment-related changes. In this article the basic information, methodological aspects and the actual status of clinical application of FET PET are reviewed.

Keywords: Brain metastasis; Brain tumour diagnosis; Cerebral glioma; O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET); PET; Radiolabelled amino acids.