Improving accuracy of RNA-based diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer by using noninvasive methods

Abstract

RNA-based diagnosis and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma has been slow to come to the clinic. Improvements in RNA measurement, statistical evaluation, and sample preservation, along with increased sample numbers, have not made these methods reproducible enough to be used clinically. We propose that, in the case of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, a chief source of variability is sample dissection, which leads to variable amounts of stroma mixed in with tumor epithelium. This heterogeneity of the samples, which requires great care to avoid, makes it difficult to see changes in RNA levels specific to tumor cells. An evaluation of the data suggests that, paradoxically, brush biopsy samples of oral lesions may provide a more reproducible method than surgical acquisition of samples for miRNA measurement. The evidence also indicates that body fluid samples can show similar changes in miRNAs with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as those seen in tumor brush biopsy samples - suggesting much of the miRNA in these samples is coming from the same source: tumor epithelium. We conclude that brush biopsy or body fluid samples may be superior to surgical samples in allowing miRNA-based diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC in that they feature a rapid method to obtain homogeneous tumor cells and/or RNA.

Keywords: Body fluid; Brush biopsy; Cancer detection; Head and neck cancer; Prognosis; RNA; Saliva; Tumor markers; miRNA.

Figure 1

Schematic of early OSCC shows tumor epithelium made of epithelial cells invading stroma, which contains fibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells, among others. Surgical acquisition of tumor tissue provides epithelium and stroma, while brush biopsy provides epithelial cells.