Allografts: Osteochondral, Shell, and Paste

Abstract

There is an increasing need for articular cartilage restoration procedures. Hyaline cartilage lacks intrinsic healing capacity. Persistent osteochondral defects can lead to early and rapid degenerative changes. Microfracture and autologous chondrocyte implantation provide reasonable outcomes for smaller defects without bone loss. However, these techniques have limited effectiveness for lesions greater than 4 cm² or with significant bony involvement. Ostochondral allografts provide an option for these lesions. This article reviews osteochondral allografts for articular defects. Emerging options provide different approaches to difficult cartilage defects. We discuss current screening, procurement, and storage methods, surgical techniques, outcomes, and bacterial/viral transmission.

Keywords: Articular cartilage; Bacterial transmission; Hyaline cartilage; Osteochondral allografts; Osteochondral defects; Procurement; Storage.