Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2017 Jun 5;14(6):602.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph14060602.

Understanding the Challenges of Improving Sanitation and Hygiene Outcomes in a Community Based Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Tanzania

Joseph Kihika Kamara  1   2 , Moses Galukande  3 , Florence Maeda  4 , Sam Luboga  5 , Andre M N Renzaho  6
Affiliations

Understanding the Challenges of Improving Sanitation and Hygiene Outcomes in a Community Based Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Tanzania

Joseph Kihika Kamara et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Good sanitation and clean water are basic human rights yet they remain elusive to many rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We carried out a cross sectional study to examine the impact of a four-year intervention aimed at improving access to water and sanitation and reducing waterborne disease, especially diarrhea in children under five years old. The study was carried out in April and May 2015 in Busangi, Chela and Ntobo wards of Kahama District of Tanzania. The interventions included education campaigns and improved water supply, and sanitation. The percentage of households (HHs) with access to water within 30 min increased from 19.2 to 48.9 and 17.6 to 27.3 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The percentage of HHs with hand washing facilities at the latrine increased from 0% to 13.2%. However, the incidence of diarrhea among children under five years increased over the intervention period, RR 2.91 95% CI 2.71-3.11, p < 0.0001. Availability of water alone may not influence the incidence of waterborne diseases. Factors such as water storage and usage, safe excreta disposal and other hygiene practices are critical for interventions negating the spread of water borne diseases. A model that articulates the extent to which these factors are helpful for such interventions should be explored.

Keywords: diarrhea; hygiene; rural communities; sanitation; water.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The intervention funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The study area. Source: [19,20,21].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. UNICEF. World Health Organisation . Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water—2015 Update and MDG Assessment. UNICEF; World Health Orgabisation; New York, NY, USA: 2015.
    1. Bain R., Cronk R., Wright J., Yang H., Slaymaker T., Bartram J. Faecal contamination of drinking-water in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001644. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001644. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cairncross S., Valdmanis V. Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. In: Jamison D.T., Breman J.G., Measham A.R., Alleyne G., Claeson M., Evans D.B., Jha P., Mills A., Musgrove P., editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd ed. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group; Washington, DC, USA: 2006. - PubMed
    1. Unitied Nations The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. [(accessed on 16 September 2016)]; Available online: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%2....
    1. World Health Organization. UNICEF . Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. World Health Organization (WHO); Geneva, Switzerland: 2006.