Private-well stewardship among a general population based sample of private well-owners

Abstract

Private well stewardship, including on-going testing and treatment, can ensure private well users are able to maintain source-water quality and prevent exposures to potentially harmful constituents in primary drinking water supplies. Unlike municipal water supplies, private well users are largely responsible for their own testing and treatment and well stewardship is often minimal. The importance of factors influencing regular testing, and treatment behaviors, including knowledge, risk perception, convenience and social norms, can vary by geography and population characteristics. The primary goals of this study were to survey a general statewide population of private well users in Wisconsin in order to quantify testing and treatment patterns and gather data on motivations and barriers to well stewardship. The majority of respondents reported using and drinking well water daily but only about one half of respondents reported testing their wells in the last ten years and of these, only 10% reported testing in the last 12months. Bacteria and nitrates were contaminants most often tested; and, a private laboratory most often conducted testing. The most commonly reported water treatment was a water softener. Living in a particular geographic region and income were the most significant predictors of water testing and treatment. Iron and hardness, which influence water aesthetics but not always safety, were the most commonly reported water quality problems. Health concerns or perceived lack thereof were, respectively, motivators and barriers to testing and treatment. Limited knowledge of testing and treatment options were also identified as barriers. Results confirm previous findings that well stewardship practices are minimal and often context specific. Understanding the target population's perceptions of risk and knowledge are important elements to consider in identifying vulnerable populations and developing education and policy efforts to improve well stewardship.

Keywords: Prevention; Private well; SHOW; Testing; Treatment; Well stewardship.

Figure 1

Primary Uses of Drinking Water by Proportion of 434 households (top). Proportion of participants reporting frequency of never, rarely, sometimes, mostly and always drinking water, 429 households (bottom).

Figure 2

The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval of testing well water comparing each jurisdictional health region to the Southeastern region (reference)

Figure 3. Main Reasons for or Against Testing Well Water Among Private Well Users in a Statewide Sample of Private Well Users*

*The main reasons household respondents test their water among the 222 household respondents who reported testing (top) and the main reasons household respondents did not test their water among the 194 respondents who reported not testing (bottom).

Figure 4

Proportion of Participants Who Tested for Specific Parameters and Actions Taken post Testing Among: a) Total population testing (n=222) (top right); b)Those Whose Testing Indicated a Problem (n=60) (top right) and; c) Actions Taken Among Those Whose Testing Indicated a Problem (n=60) (bottom).

Figure 5. Main Reasons for or Against Treating Well Water Among Private Well Users in a Statewide Representative Sample*

*The main reasons household respondents treat or filter their water among the 265 household respondents who reported treating or filtering (top) and the main reasons household respondents do not treat or filter their water among the 159 household respondents who reported not treating or filtering (bottom).