A composite measure to explore visual disability in primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide complementary information on visual system damage in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to determine whether a composite OCT/MRI score, reflecting cumulative damage along the entire visual pathway, can predict visual deficits in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS).

Methods: Twenty-five PPMS patients and 20 age-matched controls underwent neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation, spectral-domain OCT, and 3T brain MRI. Differences between groups were assessed by univariate general linear model and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped instrumental variables into main components. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA), OCT/MRI-derived metrics and PCA-derived composite scores.

Results: PCA identified four main components explaining 80.69% of data variance. Considering each variable independently, LCVA 1.25% was significantly predicted by ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, thalamic volume and optic radiation (OR) lesion volume (adjusted R² 0.328, p = 0.00004; adjusted R² 0.187, p = 0.002 and adjusted R² 0.180, p = 0.002). The PCA composite score of global visual pathway damage independently predicted both LCVA 1.25% (adjusted R² value 0.361, p = 0.00001) and LCVA 2.50% (adjusted R² value 0.323, p = 0.00003).

Conclusion: A multiparametric score represents a more comprehensive and effective tool to explain visual disability than a single instrumental metric in PPMS.

Keywords: MRI; Multiple sclerosis; OCT; neurodegeneration; primary progressive; visual damage.

Figure 1.

PCA results. Segregation of OCT and MRI metrics in the four principal components with relative loadings. Each variable is color coded. A larger dot indicates the maximum loading attributed to the specific variable from the PCA analysis. PCA: principal component analysis; OCT: optical coherence tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; RNFL: retinal nerve fiber layer; GCIPL: ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer; ON: optic nerve; OT: optic tract; NAWM: normal-appearing white matter; FA: fractional anisotropy; OR: optic radiation; WM: white matter; CL: cortical lesion.