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. 2017 Jun 21;6(6):CD012700.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012700.

Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia

Julia Bidonde  1 , Angela J Busch, Candice L Schachter, Tom J Overend, Soo Y Kim, Suelen M Góes, Catherine Boden, Heather Ja Foulds
Affiliations

Aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia

Julia Bidonde et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Exercise training is commonly recommended for individuals with fibromyalgia. This review is one of a series of reviews about exercise training for people with fibromyalgia that will replace the "Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome" review first published in 2002.

Objectives: • To evaluate the benefits and harms of aerobic exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia• To assess the following specific comparisons ० Aerobic versus control conditions (eg, treatment as usual, wait list control, physical activity as usual) ० Aerobic versus aerobic interventions (eg, running vs brisk walking) ० Aerobic versus non-exercise interventions (eg, medications, education) We did not assess specific comparisons involving aerobic exercise versus other exercise interventions (eg, resistance exercise, aquatic exercise, flexibility exercise, mixed exercise). Other systematic reviews have examined or will examine these comparisons (Bidonde 2014; Busch 2013).

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Thesis and Dissertation Abstracts, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry up to June 2016, unrestricted by language, and we reviewed the reference lists of retrieved trials to identify potentially relevant trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia that compared aerobic training interventions (dynamic physical activity that increases breathing and heart rate to submaximal levels for a prolonged period) versus no exercise or another intervention. Major outcomes were health-related quality of life (HRQL), pain intensity, stiffness, fatigue, physical function, withdrawals, and adverse events.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data, performed a risk of bias assessment, and assessed the quality of the body of evidence for major outcomes using the GRADE approach. We used a 15% threshold for calculation of clinically relevant differences between groups.

Main results: We included 13 RCTs (839 people). Studies were at risk of selection, performance, and detection bias (owing to lack of blinding for self-reported outcomes) and had low risk of attrition and reporting bias. We prioritized the findings when aerobic exercise was compared with no exercise control and present them fully here.Eight trials (with 456 participants) provided low-quality evidence for pain intensity, fatigue, stiffness, and physical function; and moderate-quality evidence for withdrawals and HRQL at completion of the intervention (6 to 24 weeks). With the exception of withdrawals and adverse events, major outcome measures were self-reported and were expressed on a 0 to 100 scale (lower values are best, negative mean differences (MDs)/standardized mean differences (SMDs) indicate improvement). Effects for aerobic exercise versus control were as follows: HRQL: mean 56.08; five studies; N = 372; MD -7.89, 95% CI -13.23 to -2.55; absolute improvement of 8% (3% to 13%) and relative improvement of 15% (5% to 24%); pain intensity: mean 65.31; six studies; N = 351; MD -11.06, 95% CI -18.34 to -3.77; absolute improvement of 11% (95% CI 4% to 18%) and relative improvement of 18% (7% to 30%); stiffness: mean 69; one study; N = 143; MD -7.96, 95% CI -14.95 to -0.97; absolute difference in improvement of 8% (1% to 15%) and relative change in improvement of 11.4% (21.4% to 1.4%); physical function: mean 38.32; three studies; N = 246; MD -10.16, 95% CI -15.39 to -4.94; absolute change in improvement of 10% (15% to 5%) and relative change in improvement of 21.9% (33% to 11%); and fatigue: mean 68; three studies; N = 286; MD -6.48, 95% CI -14.33 to 1.38; absolute change in improvement of 6% (12% improvement to 0.3% worse) and relative change in improvement of 8% (16% improvement to 0.4% worse). Pooled analysis resulted in a risk ratio (RR) of moderate quality for withdrawals (17 per 100 and 20 per 100 in control and intervention groups, respectively; eight studies; N = 456; RR 1.25, 95%CI 0.89 to 1.77; absolute change of 5% more withdrawals with exercise (3% fewer to 12% more).Three trials provided low-quality evidence on long-term effects (24 to 208 weeks post intervention) and reported that benefits for pain and function persisted but did not for HRQL or fatigue. Withdrawals were similar, and investigators did not assess stiffness and adverse events.We are uncertain about the effects of one aerobic intervention versus another, as the evidence was of low to very low quality and was derived from single trials only, precluding meta-analyses. Similarly, we are uncertain of the effects of aerobic exercise over active controls (ie, education, three studies; stress management training, one study; medication, one study) owing to evidence of low to very low quality provided by single trials. Most studies did not measure adverse events; thus we are uncertain about the risk of adverse events associated with aerobic exercise.

Authors' conclusions: When compared with control, moderate-quality evidence indicates that aerobic exercise probably improves HRQL and all-cause withdrawal, and low-quality evidence suggests that aerobic exercise may slightly decrease pain intensity, may slightly improve physical function, and may lead to little difference in fatigue and stiffness. Three of the reported outcomes reached clinical significance (HRQL, physical function, and pain). Long-term effects of aerobic exercise may include little or no difference in pain, physical function, and all-cause withdrawal, and we are uncertain about long-term effects on remaining outcomes. We downgraded the evidence owing to the small number of included trials and participants across trials, and because of issues related to unclear and high risks of bias (performance, selection, and detection biases). Aerobic exercise appears to be well tolerated (similar withdrawal rates across groups), although evidence on adverse events is scarce, so we are uncertain about its safety.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

We confirm that any present or past affiliations or other involvement in any organization or entity with an interest in the protocol that might lead me/us to have a real or perceived conflict of interest is listed below.

  1. Julia Bidonde: none known.

  2. Angela J Busch*: none known.

  3. Candice L Schachter*: none known.

  4. Tom J Overend: none known.

  5. Soo Y Kim: none known.

  6. Suelen M Góes: none known.

  7. Catherine Boden: none known.

  8. Heather JA Foulds: none known.

*To avoid conflict of interest, review authors (AJB, CLS) did not assess the RCT that they had authored (Schachter 2003) .

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 1 HRQL, FIQ Total, 0‐100, lower is best.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 2 HRQL, sensitivity.selection bias.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 3 Pain, intensity, 0‐100, lower is best.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 4 Pain, sensitivity.selection bias.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 5 Pain, sensitivity, attrition bias.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 6 Fatigue, 0‐100 mm, lower is best.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 7 Stiffness, 0‐100 mm, lower is best.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 8 Physical Ftn, 0‐100 mm, lower is best.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 9 Withdrawals.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 10 CR max, VO2max, mL/kg/min.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 AE versus control (end of intervention), Outcome 11 CR submax, 6MWT (distance ‐ meters, higher is best).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 1 HRQL, 0‐100, lower is best.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 2 Pain intensity, 0‐100, lower is best.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 3 Fatigue, 0‐100, lower is best.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 4 Physical Ftn, 0‐100, lower is best.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 5 Withdrawals.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 6 CR max, work capacity (W).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 AE versus control (long term), Outcome 7 CR submax, 6MWT (meters, higher is best).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 1 HRQL, 0‐100, lower is best.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 2 Pain intensity, 0‐100, lower is best.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 3 Fatigue, 0‐100, lower is best.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 4 Stiffness, 0‐100, lower is best.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 5 Physical Ftn, 0‐100, lower is best.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 6 Withdrawals.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 7 CR max, VO2max, mL/kg/min.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 AE versus AE (end of intervention), Outcome 8 CR submax, 6MWT (distance ‐ meters, higher is best).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 AE versus other (end of intervention), Outcome 1 HRQL, 0‐100, lower is best.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 AE versus other (end of intervention), Outcome 2 Pain intensity, 0‐100, lower is best.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 AE versus other (end of intervention), Outcome 3 Fatigue, 0‐100, lower is best.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 AE versus other (end of intervention), Outcome 4 Withdrawals.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 AE versus other (end of intervention), Outcome 5 CR max, work capacity (w).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 AE versus other (end of intervention), Outcome 6 CR submax, 6 MWT(distance ‐ meters, higher is best).
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Hoeger Bement 2011 {published data only}
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    1. Piso U, Kuther G, Gutenbrunner C, Gehrke A. Analgesic effects of sauna in fibromyalgia. [German]. Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin 2001;11(3):94‐9.
Richards 2002 {published data only}
    1. Richards SC, Scott DL. Prescribed exercise in people with fibromyalgia: parallel group randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325(7357):185. - PMC - PubMed
Rivera 2004 {published data only}
    1. Rivera RJ, Moratalla JC, Valdepenas MF, Garcia Velayos Y, Oses Puche JJ, Ruiz Zubero J, et al. Long‐term efficacy of therapy in patients with fibromyalgia: a physical exercise‐based program and a cognitive‐behavioral approach. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;51(2):184‐92. - PubMed
Rooks 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rooks DS, Silverman CB, Kantrowitz FG. The effects of progressive strength training and aerobic exercise on muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness in women with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2002;47:22‐8. - PubMed
Rooks 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rooks DS, Gautam S, Romeling M, Cross ML, Stratigakis D, Evans B, et al. Group exercise, education, and combination self‐management in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(20):2192‐200. - PubMed
Sa¤udo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Saudo CB, Galiano OD, Carrasco PL, Saxton J. Autonomous nervous system response and quality of life on women with fibromyalgia after a long‐term intervention with physical exercise. [Spanish]. Rehabilitacion 2010;44(3):244‐9.
Salek 2005 {published data only}
    1. Salek AK, Khan MM, Ahmed SM, Rashid MI, Emran MA, Mamun MA. Effect of aerobic exercise on patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome. Mymensingh Medical Journal 2005;14(2):141‐4. - PubMed
Santana 2010 {published data only}
    1. Santana JS, Almeida AP, Brandão PM. [The effect of Ai Chi method in fibromyalgic patients] [Os efeitos do método Ai Chi em pacientes portadoras da síndrome fibromiálgica]. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva 2010;15 Suppl(1):1433‐8. - PubMed
Sañudo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sañudo CB, Galiano OD, Carrasco PL, Saxton J. Autonomous nervous system response and quality of life on women with fibromyalgia after a long‐term intervention with physical exercise. [Spanish]. Rehabilitacion 2010;44(3):244‐9.
Sañudo 2010a {published data only}
    1. Sanudo B, Hoyo M, Carrasco L, McVeigh JG, Corral J, Cabeza R, et al. The effect of 6‐week exercise programme and whole body vibration on strength and quality of life in women with fibromyalgia: a randomised study. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2010;28(6 Suppl 63):S40‐5. - PubMed
Sañudo 2010b {published data only}
    1. Sanudo B, Galiano D, Carrasco L, Blagojevic M, Hoyo M, Saxton J. Aerobic exercise versus combined exercise therapy in women with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;91(12):1838‐43. - PubMed
Sañudo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sanudo B, Galiano D, Carrasco L, Hoyo M, McVeigh JG. Effects of a prolonged exercise program on key health outcomes in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2011;43(6):521‐6. - PubMed
Sañudo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sañudo B, Hoyo M, Carrasco L, Rodriguez‐Blanco C, Oliva‐Pascual‐Vaca A, McVeigh JG. Effect of whole‐body vibration exercise on balance in women with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2012;18(2):158‐64. - PubMed
Sañudo 2012a {published data only}
    1. Sanudo B, Carrasco L, Hoyo M, McVeigh JG. Effects of exercise training and detraining in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a 3‐yr longitudinal study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012;91(7):561‐73. - PubMed
Sañudo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sanudo B, Carrasco L, Hoyo M, Oliva‐Pascual‐Vaca A, Rodriguez‐Blanco C. Changes in body balance and functional performance following whole‐body vibration training in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2013;45(7):678‐84. - PubMed
Schmidt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt S, Grossman P, Schwarzer B, Jena S, Naumann J, Walach H. Treating fibromyalgia with mindfulness‐based stress reduction: results from a 3‐armed randomized controlled trial. Pain 2011;152(2):1838‐43. - PubMed
Sigl‐Erkel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sigl‐Erkel T. A randomized trial of tai chi for fibromyalgia. [German] Studienbesprechung zu tai chi (taiji) bei fibromyalgie. Chinesische Medizin 2011;26(2):112‐6.
Srikuea 2013 {published data only}
    1. Srikuea R, Symons TB, Long DE, Lee JD, Shang Y, Chomentowski PJ, et al. Association of fibromyalgia with altered skeletal muscle characteristics which may contribute to postexertional fatigue in postmenopausal women. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2013;65(2):519‐28. - PMC - PubMed
Steiner 2015 {published data only}
    1. Steiner JL, Bigatti SM, Ang DC. Trajectory of change in pain, depression, and physical functioning after physical activity adoption in fibromyalgia. Journal of Health Psychology 2015; Vol. 20, issue 7:931‐41. - PubMed
Suman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Suman AL, Biagi B, Biasi G, Carli G, Gradi M, Prati E, et al. One‐year efficacy of a 3‐week intensive multidisciplinary non‐pharmacological treatment program for fibromyalgia patients. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology 2009;27(1):7‐14. - PubMed
Thieme 2003 {published data only}
    1. Thieme K, Gronica‐Ihle E, Flor H. Operant behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia: a controlled study. Arthritis Care & Research 2003;49:314‐20. - PubMed
Thijssen 1992 {published data only}
    1. Thijssen Ej, Klerk E. Evaluation of a swimming program for patients with fibromyalgia [Evaluatie van een zwemprogramma voor patienten met fibromyalgie]. Ned Tijdschr Fysiother 1992;102(3):71‐5.
Tiidus 1997 {published data only}
    1. Tiidus PM. Manual massage and recovery of muscle function following exercise: a literature review. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 1997;25(2):107‐12. - PubMed
Tomas‐Carus 2007a {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Carus P. Aquatic training and detraining on fitness and quality of life in FM. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2007;39(7):1044‐50. - PubMed
Tomas‐Carus 2007b {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Carus P. The fibromyalgia treatment with physical exercise in warm water reduces the impact of disease [El tratamiento para la fibromialgia con ejercicio fisico en agua caliente reduce el impacto de la enfermedad en la salud fisica y mental de mujeres afectadas]. Reumatologia Clinica 2007;3(1):33‐7. - PubMed
Tomas‐Carus 2007c {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Carus P. Effects of aquatic training and subsequent detraining on the perception and intensity of pain and number of sensitive points in women with fibromyalgia [Efectos del entrenamiento acuatico y posterior desentrenamiento sobre la percepcion e intensidad del dolor y numero de puntos sensibles de mujeres con fibromialgia]. Apunts Medicina de l'Esport 2007;154(42):76‐81.
Tomas‐Carus 2007d {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Carus P, Raimundo A, Timon R, Gusi N. Exercise in warm water decreases pain but not the number of tender points in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial [El ejercicio fisico en agua caliente reduce el dolor pero no el numero de puntos sensibles de mujeres con fibromialgia: un ensayo clinico randomizado]. Seleccion 2007;16(2):98‐102.
Tomas‐Carus 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Carus P, Gusi N, Hakkinen A, Hakkinen K, Leal A, Ortega‐Alonso A. Eight months of physical training in warm water improves physical and mental health in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40(4):248‐52. - PubMed
Tomas‐Carus 2009 {published data only}
    1. Tomas‐Carus P, Gusi N, Hakkinen A, Hakkinen K, Raimundo A, Ortega‐Alonso A. Improvements of muscle strength predicted benefits in HRQOL and postural balance in women in fibromyalgia: an 8‐month randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology 2009;48:1147‐51. - PubMed
Torres 2015 {published data only}
    1. Torres JR, Martos IC, Sanchez IT, Rubio AO, Pelegrina AD, Valenza MC. Results of an active neurodynamic mobilization program in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015;96(10):1771‐8. - PubMed
Uhlemann 2007 {published data only}
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Valencia 2009 {published data only}
    1. Valencia M, Alonso B, Alvarez MJ, Barrientos MJ, Ayan C, Sanchez VM. Effects of 2 physiotherapy programs on pain perception, muscular flexibility, and illness impact in women with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 2009;32(1):84‐92. - PubMed
Valim 2003 {published data only}
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Valim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Valim V, Natour J, Xiao Y, Pereira AF, Lopes BB, Pollak DF, et al. Effects of physical exercise on serum levels of serotonin and its metabolite in fibromyalgia: a randomized pilot study. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 2013;53(6):538‐41. - PubMed
Valkeinen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Valkeinen H, Alen M, Hannonen P, Hakkinen A, Airaksinen O, Hakkinen K. Changes in knee extension and flexion force, EMG and functional capacity during strength training in older females with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Rheumatology 2004;43(2):225‐8. - PubMed
Valkeinen 2005 {published data only}
    1. Valkeinen H, Hakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Hannonen P, Hakkinen A, Airaksinen O, et al. Muscle hypertrophy, strength development, and serum hormones during strength training in elderly women with fibromyalgia. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2005;34(4):309‐14. - PubMed
Valkeinen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Valkeinen H, Alen M, Hakkinen A, Hannonen P, Kukkonen‐Harjula K, Hakkinen K. Effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on physical fitness and symptoms in postmenopausal women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008;89(9):1660‐6. - PubMed
van Eijk‐Hustings 2013 {published data only}
    1. Eijk‐Hustings Y, Kroese M, Tan F, Boonen A, Bessems‐Beks M, Landewe R. Challenges in demonstrating the effectiveness of multidisciplinary treatment on quality of life, participation and health care utilisation in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Rheumatology 2013;32(2):199‐209. - PubMed
van Koulil 2010 {published data only}
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VanRavenstein 2014 {published data only}
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vanSanten 2002 {published data only}
    1. vanSanten M, Bolwijn P, Landewe R, Verstappen F, Bakker C, Hidding A, et al. High or low intensity aerobic fitness training in fibromyalgia: does it matter?. Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29(3):582‐7. - PubMed
vanSanten 2002a {published data only}
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Vlaeyen1996 {published data only}
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Westfall 1999 {published data only}
    1. Westfall JK. The Effects of a Water Exercise Program on the Manifestations of Fibromyalgia. Thesis/Dissertation, M.S. Slippery Rock, PA: Slippery Rock University,. Eugene, Or. : Microform Publications, University of Oregon. 1999. http://kinpubs.uoregon.edu/, 1999.
Williams 2010 {published data only}
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Zijlstra 2005 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

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