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. 2017 Jun 22;17(7):1463.
doi: 10.3390/s17071463.

Novel Concrete Temperature Monitoring Method Based on an Embedded Passive RFID Sensor Tag

Yongsheng Liu  1 , Fangming Deng  2   3 , Yigang He  4 , Bing Li  5 , Zhen Liang  6 , Shuangxi Zhou  7
Affiliations

Novel Concrete Temperature Monitoring Method Based on an Embedded Passive RFID Sensor Tag

Yongsheng Liu et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This paper firstly introduces the importance of temperature control in concrete measurement, then a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag embedded for concrete temperature monitoring is presented. In order to reduce the influences of concrete electromagnetic parameters during the drying process, a T-type antenna is proposed to measure the concrete temperature at the required depth. The proposed RFID sensor tag is based on the EPC generation-2 ultra-high frequency (UHF) communication protocol and operates in passive mode. The temperature sensor can convert the sensor signals to corresponding digital signals without an external reference clock due to the adoption of phase-locked loop (PLL)-based architecture. Laboratory experimentation and on-site testing demonstrate that our sensor tag embedded in concrete can provide reliable communication performance in passive mode. The maximum communicating distance between reader and tag is 7 m at the operating frequency of 915 MHz and the tested results show high consistency with the results tested by a thermocouple.

Keywords: concrete temperature measurement; radio frequency identification (RFID); temperature sensor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proposed concrete-temperature monitoring method.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow diagram of the concrete temperature control.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Total loss of electromagnetic waves penetrating concrete.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structure of the proposed RFID temperature sensor tag.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Layout of the proposed T-type antenna.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Proposed temperature sensor: (a) architecture; and (b) schematic.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic of the proposed rectifier.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Photo of the proposed RFID sensor tag: (a) tag chip; (b) RFID sensor tag.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Wireless measurement environment.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Antenna performances: (a) radiation pattern; (b) S11 performance.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Tested performances of the temperature sensor: (a) linearity; and (b) error.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The result of communication test in the laboratory.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Maximum communication distance at 915 MHz: (a) test environment; (b) test results.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Temperature performance measurement of concrete: (a) measured internal temperature of concrete versus time in two different ways; and (b) comparison between testing under temperature control and without temperature control.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Software interface of the concrete temperature monitoring system.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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