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. 2017:24:23.
doi: 10.1051/parasite/2017020. Epub 2017 Jun 22.

Molecular phylogeny of 42 species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from three continents

Denis Augot  1 , Bruno Mathieu  2 , Leila Hadj-Henni  1 , Véronique Barriel  3 , Sonia Zapata Mena  4 , Sylvia Smolis  1 , Darine Slama  5 , Fano José Randrianambinintsoa  6 , Gabriel Trueba  4 , Matthieu Kaltenbach  7 , Nil Rahola  8 , Jérôme Depaquit  1
Affiliations

Molecular phylogeny of 42 species of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from three continents

Denis Augot et al. Parasite. 2017.

Abstract
in English, French

The genus Culicoides includes vectors of important animal diseases such as bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus (BTV and SBV). This genus includes 1300 species classified in 32 subgenera and 38 unclassified species. However, the phylogenetic relationships between different subgenera of Culicoides have never been studied. Phylogenetic analyses of 42 species belonging to 12 subgenera and 8 ungrouped species of genus Culicoides from Ecuador, France, Gabon, Madagascar and Tunisia were carried out using two molecular markers (28S rDNA D1 and D2 domains and COI mtDNA). Sequences were subjected to non-probabilistic (maximum parsimony) and probabilistic (Bayesian inference (BI)) approaches. The subgenera Monoculicoides, Culicoides, Haematomyidium, Hoffmania, Remmia and Avaritia (including the main vectors of bluetongue disease) were monophyletic, whereas the subgenus Oecacta was paraphyletic. Our study validates the subgenus Remmia (= Schultzei group) as a valid subgenus, outside of the subgenus Oecacta. In Europe, Culicoides obsoletus, Culicoides scoticus and Culicoides chiopterus should be part of the Obsoletus complex whereas Culicoides dewulfi should be excluded from this complex. Our study suggests that the current Culicoides classification needs to be revisited with modern tools.

Le genre Culicoides comprend des vecteurs de maladies animales importantes telles que la fièvre catarrhale et le virus Schmallenberg. Ce genre comprend 1300 espèces classées dans 32 sous-genres et 38 espèces non classées. Cependant, les relations phylogénétiques entre les différents sous-genres de Culicoides n’ont jamais été étudiées. Des analyses phylogénétiques de 42 espèces appartenant à 12 sous-genres et 8 espèces non groupées du genre Culicoides d’Équateur, de France, du Gabon, de Madagascar et de Tunisie ont été réalisées en utilisant deux marqueurs moléculaires (ADNr 28S domaines D1 et D2 et ADNmt COI). Les séquences ont été soumises à des approches non probabilistes (maximum de parcimonie) et probabilistes (inférence bayésienne). Les sous-genres Monoculicoides, Culicoides, Haematomyidium, Hoffmania, Remmia et Avaritia (y compris les principaux vecteurs de la fièvre catarrhale du mouton) étaient monophylétiques alors que le sous-genre Oecacta était paraphylétique. Notre étude valide le sous-genre Remmia (= groupe Schultzei) sous la forme d’un sous-genre valide, en dehors du sous-genre Oecacta. En Europe, Culicoides obsoletus, Culicoides scoticus et Culicoides chiopterus devraient faire partie du complexe Obsoletus alors que Culicoides dewulfi devrait être exclu de ce complexe. Notre étude suggère que la classification actuelle de Culicoides doit être revisitée avec des outils modernes.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Culicoides wing pattern details of species included in our study. The specimen codes are linked with the table. The wings were photographed using a ×4 lens. Bars = 200 μm.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Culicoides wing pattern details of species included in our study. The specimen codes are linked with the table. The wings were photographed using a ×10 lens. Bars = 200 μm.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Culicoides wing pattern details of species included in our study. The specimen codes are linked with the table. The wings were photographed using a ×10 lens. Bars = 200 μm.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Culicoides wing pattern details of species included in our study. The specimen codes are linked with the table. The wings were photographed using a ×10 lens. Bars = 200 μm.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Bayesian tree resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated dataset according to the best-fit partitioning strategy. Robustness of nodes is indicated by the posterior probability values (%).
Appendix 1.
Appendix 1.
Parsimonious tree based on D1-D2 28S rDNA nucleotide sequences. Majority-rule 50% consensus: values between 50% and 100% are indicated on the branches.
Appendix 2.
Appendix 2.
Bayesian tree resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the COI mtDNA according to the best-fit partitioning strategy. Robustness of nodes was indicated by the posterior probability values.
Appendix 3.
Appendix 3.
Bayesian tree resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the D1D2 28S rDNA according to the best-fit partitioning strategy. Robustness of nodes was indicated by the posterior probability values.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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