Hesperidin attenuates inflammation and oxidative damage in pleural exudates and liver of rat model of pleurisy

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effect of hesperidin against carrageenan induced pleurisy in rat model.

Methods: Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats (350 - 450g) were grouped as follows: Group I: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); Group II: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); Group III: rats were administered hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); Group IV: rats were administered hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with 2% carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group). The exudate volume, total leukocyte count, reactive oxygen species (ROS), myeloperoxidase (MPO),δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), activities as well as non-protein thiol group (NPSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined.

Results: Pretreatment with hesperidin at a dose of 80 mg/kg orally per day for 21 days, minimized the increase in pleural exudate volume and leucocyte count and modulated the activities of MPO, SOD and CAT, as well as the levels of ROS, NPSH and TBARS in carrageenan-induced rats.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that hesperidin can elicit its anti-inflammatory action by blocking exudate and leukocyte influx into pleural cavity, inhibiting MPO activity and preventing oxidative damage.

Keywords: Hesperidin; antioxidant enzymes; carrageenan; inflammation; pleural exudate.

Figure 1.

Diagram showing experimental design with animal grouping.

Figure 2.

Effect of hesperidin on myeloperoxidase activity in rat plasma of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6),*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 3.

(A) Effect of hesperidin on ROS production in exudates cells of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. (B) Representative plot of flow cytometric analysis of ROS production in pleural exudates cells using dihydrorhodamine 123 dye. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 4.

Effect of hesperidin on ROS production in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 5.

Effect of hesperidin on TBARS generation in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 6.

Effect of hesperidin on δ-ALAD activity in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. CTL: Control; PLE: Inflammation only; HSD: Hesperidin only; PLE + HSD: Inflammation with hesperidin.

Figure 7.

Effect of hesperidin on SOD activity in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 8.

Effect of hesperidin on CAT activity in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).

Figure 9.

Effect of hesperidin on NPSH level in rat liver of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to the PLE or/and CTL group. Key: CTL: rats were administered saline solution only (Normal control group); PLE: rats were administered saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) orally and injected with carrageenan (Inflammation control group); HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg of hesperidin only (Hesperidin group); PLE + HSD: rats were administered 80 mg/kg hesperidin orally and intrapleurally injected with carrageenan (Inflammation treated with hesperidin group).