Preparation of microscale zero-valent iron-fly ash-bentonite composite and evaluation of its adsorption performance of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes

Abstract

New microscale zero-valent iron adsorbent on fly ash and bentonite matrix for removal of crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) was synthesized through direct reduction of iron oxide using coke and palm kernel shell. The adsorbent was prepared as cylindrical shaped pellets to remove the CV and MB from the aqueous solution. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that the adsorbent is highly porous, and the iron particles are finely dispersed on the supporting material surfaces. FTIR and UV studies indicated that the C=C bonds in CV and C=N⁺(CH₃)₂ bonds in MB were affected in the adsorption process. MB switched to the reduced MBH₂ species while CV was reduced to two small-size molecular compounds, explaining the higher CV adsorption in comparison to that of MB. The reduction of these compounds was coupled to the oxidation of Fe⁰ to Fe₂O₃ as revealed by XRD characterization of the adsorbent after adsorption. CV and MB adsorption isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption model. Different adsorption and reduction kinetic models were examined for the MB and CV removal processes. A better fit of the experimental data with the pseudo-second-order model was observed. CV and MB adsorption increased with temperature in the 30-50 °C range. At 50 °C, adsorption capacities of CV and MB reached to 89.9 and 42.8 mg/g, respectively. This new adsorbent showed a superior adsorption capacity for CV and MB when compared to other adsorbents.

Keywords: Adsorption mechanism; Crystal violet; Matrix; Methylene blue; Microscale zero-valent iron.