[Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolic events in head and neck surgery]

Abstract

Background: Application of perioperative thrombosis prophylaxis in head and neck surgery lacks consistent standards in Germany. Due to sparse data, the latest German S3 guideline concerning prophylaxis of thromboembolic events recommends a restrictive handling of anticoagulants in head and neck surgery, with few specific recommendations.

Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide concrete clinical recommendations based on a systematic literature review and the S3 guidelines.

Materials and methods: A keyword-based literature search was performed and the German S3 guideline "Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolic Events" was used to state the current level of evidence and provide a clinical algorithm.

Results: Eight additional cohort studies dealing with the incidence of thromboembolic events in head and neck surgery were identified. There were no randomized controlled trials. In the proposed algorithm, a classification of dispositional (patient history) and expositional (operation time) risk into three groups enables preoperative risk evaluation indicating the individual demand for prophylaxis. In short operations without major tissue traumatization, routine drug-based thrombosis prophylaxis is not necessary, provided no third-grade risk factors (earlier thromboembolic event, coagulopathy, or malignant disease) are present. Low molecular weight heparins should be used as anticoagulants for drug-based prophylaxis.

Conclusion: Prophylaxis of thromboembolic events in head and neck surgery is of high clinical relevance but there is currently limited evidence regarding its implementation. This paper is based on a systematic literature review and provides a clinical algorithm for head and neck surgeons.

Keywords: Algorithm; Anticoagulants; Embolism; Heparin; Thrombosis.