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Review
. 2016 Nov 16:2:19.
doi: 10.1186/s40842-016-0037-5. eCollection 2016.

Update on thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy with a special emphasis on the ocular surface

Priscila Novaes  1 , Ana Beatriz Diniz Grisolia  1 , Terry J Smith  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

Update on thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy with a special emphasis on the ocular surface

Priscila Novaes et al. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. .

Abstract

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a condition associated with a wide spectrum of ocular changes, usually in the context of the autoimmune syndrome, Graves' disease. In this topical review, we attempted to provide a roadmap of the recent advances in current understanding the pathogenesis of TAO, important aspects of its clinical presentation, its impact on the ocular surface, describe the tissue abnormalities frequently encountered, and describe how TAO is managed today. We also briefly review how increased understanding of the disease should culminate in improved therapies for patients with this vexing condition.

Keywords: Graves’ disease; Ocular surface; Ophthalmopathy; Orbit; Thyroid.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy before (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a) and after (1b, 2b, 3b, 4b) surgical treatment. These images exemplify the most common signs of ophthalmopathy, including proptosis, conjunctival hyperemia, periocular edema and upper and lower eyelid retraction. These may improve with treatment. These images were generously provided by Dr. Raymond Douglas, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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