Diabetes and its drivers: the largest epidemic in human history?

Abstract

The "Diabesity" epidemic (obesity and type 2 diabetes) is likely to be the biggest epidemic in human history. Diabetes has been seriously underrated as a global public health issue and the world can no longer ignore "the rise and rise" of type 2 diabetes. Currently, most of the national and global diabetes estimates come from the IDF Atlas. These estimates have significant limitations from a public health perspective. It is apparent that the IDF have consistently underestimated the global burden. More reliable estimates of the future burden of diabetes are urgently needed. To prevent type 2 diabetes, a better understanding of the drivers of the epidemic is needed. While for years, there has been comprehensive attention to the "traditional" risk factors for type 2 diabetes i.e., genes, lifestyle and behavioral change, the spotlight is turning to the impact of the intra-uterine environment and epigenetics on future risk in adult life. It highlights the urgency for discovering novel approaches to prevention focusing on maternal and child health. Diabetes risk through epigenetic changes can be transmitted inter-generationally thus creating a vicious cycle that will continue to feed the diabetes epidemic. History provides important lessons and there are lessons to learn from major catastrophic events such as the Dutch Winter Hunger and Chinese famines. The Chinese famine may have been the trigger for what may be viewed as a diabetes "avalanche" many decades later. The drivers of the epidemic are indeed genes and environment but they are now joined by deleterious early life events. Looking to the future there is the potential scenario of future new "hot spots" for type 2 diabetes in regions e.g., the Horn of Africa, now experiencing droughts and famine. This is likely to occur should improved economic and living conditions occur over the next few decades. Type 2 diabetes will remain one of the greatest challenges to human health for many years to come.

Keywords: Drivers for diabetes; Epigenetics and diabetes; Global diabetes epidemic.

Fig. 1

The Increase in Diabetes Prevalence in a Mauritius Adapted from [18, 19], b India Adapted from [20], and c China Adapted from [21]

Fig. 2

“Coca-colonization” in China and India. a McDonald's in China b Coca-cola in India

Fig. 3

Prevalence of Diabetes and Obesity in Australia 1980/81 and 1999/2000 Adapted from [27, 28]

Fig. 4

Developmental plasticity, fetal programming and intergenerational risk

Fig. 5

Mismatch: The relevance for prevention of type 2 diabetes