Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Jul 13;7(7):CD004104.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004104.pub4.

Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Christian R Osadnik  1 , Vanessa S Tee, Kristin V Carson-Chahhoud, Joanna Picot, Jadwiga A Wedzicha, Brian J Smith
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Christian R Osadnik et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) is commonly used to treat patients admitted to hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF) secondary to an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of NIV applied in conjunction with usual care versus usual care involving no mechanical ventilation alone in adults with AHRF due to AECOPD. The aim of this review is to update the evidence base with the goals of supporting clinical practice and providing recommendations for future evaluation and research.

Search methods: We identified trials from the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials (CAGR), which is derived from systematic searches of bibliographic databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), and PsycINFO, and through handsearching of respiratory journals and meeting abstracts. This update to the original review incorporates the results of database searches up to January 2017.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials that compared usual care plus NIV (BiPAP) versus usual care alone in an acute hospital setting for patients with AECOPD due to AHRF were eligible for inclusion. AHRF was defined by a mean admission pH < 7.35 and mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) > 45 mmHg (6 kPa). Primary review outcomes were mortality during hospital admission and need for endotracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, treatment intolerance, complications, changes in symptoms, and changes in arterial blood gases.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently applied the selection criteria to determine study eligibility, performed data extraction, and determined risk of bias in accordance with Cochrane guidelines. Review authors undertook meta-analysis for data that were both clinically and statistically homogenous, and analysed data as both one overall pooled sample and according to two predefined subgroups related to exacerbation severity (admission pH between 7.35 and 7.30 vs below 7.30) and NIV treatment setting (intensive care unit-based vs ward-based). We reported results for mortality, need for endotracheal intubation, and hospital length of stay in a 'Summary of findings' table and rated their quality in accordance with GRADE criteria.

Main results: We included in the review 17 randomised controlled trials involving 1264 participants. Available data indicate that mean age at recruitment was 66.8 years (range 57.7 to 70.5 years) and that most participants (65%) were male. Most studies (12/17) were at risk of performance bias, and for most (14/17), the risk of detection bias was uncertain. These risks may have affected subjective patient-reported outcome measures (e.g. dyspnoea) and secondary review outcomes, respectively.Use of NIV decreased the risk of mortality by 46% (risk ratio (RR) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.76; N = 12 studies; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 12, 95% CI 9 to 23) and decreased the risk of needing endotracheal intubation by 65% (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.46; N = 17 studies; NNTB 5, 95% CI 5 to 6). We graded both outcomes as 'moderate' quality owing to uncertainty regarding risk of bias for several studies. Inspection of the funnel plot related to need for endotracheal intubation raised the possibility of some publication bias pertaining to this outcome. NIV use was also associated with reduced length of hospital stay (mean difference (MD) -3.39 days, 95% CI -5.93 to -0.85; N = 10 studies), reduced incidence of complications (unrelated to NIV) (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.53; N = 2 studies), and improvement in pH (MD 0.05, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.07; N = 8 studies) and in partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) (MD 7.47 mmHg, 95% CI 0.78 to 14.16 mmHg; N = 8 studies) at one hour. A trend towards improvement in PaCO2 was observed, but this finding was not statistically significant (MD -4.62 mmHg, 95% CI -11.05 to 1.80 mmHg; N = 8 studies). Post hoc analysis revealed that this lack of benefit was due to the fact that data from two studies at high risk of bias showed baseline imbalance for this outcome (worse in the NIV group than in the usual care group). Sensitivity analysis revealed that exclusion of these two studies resulted in a statistically significant positive effect of NIV on PaCO2. Treatment intolerance was significantly greater in the NIV group than in the usual care group (risk difference (RD) 0.11, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.17; N = 6 studies). Results of analysis showed a non-significant trend towards reduction in dyspnoea with NIV compared with usual care (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.16, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.02; N = 4 studies). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant between-group differences.

Authors' conclusions: Data from good quality randomised controlled trials show that NIV is beneficial as a first-line intervention in conjunction with usual care for reducing the likelihood of mortality and endotracheal intubation in patients admitted with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure secondary to an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The magnitude of benefit for these outcomes appears similar for patients with acidosis of a mild (pH 7.30 to 7.35) versus a more severe nature (pH < 7.30), and when NIV is applied within the intensive care unit (ICU) or ward setting.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

CO: none known.

VT: none known.

KC: none known.

JP: none known.

JW: none known.

BS: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for 2004‐2017 literature searches.
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
NIV vs usual care (overall) ‐ Mortality
4
4
Cates plot Analysis 1.1 (mortality), NIV group: In the usual care group, 18 of 100 people died during the period of hospitalisation, compared with 10 (95% CI 7 to 14) of 100 in the NIV group.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, outcome: 1.1 Mortality.
6
6
NIV vs usual care (overall) ‐ Need for endotracheal intubation
7
7
Cates plot Analysis 1.2 (need for endotracheal intubation), NIV group: In the usual care group, 34 of 100 people experienced the need for endotracheal intubation during the period of hospitalisation, compared with 12 (95% CI 10 to 16) of 100 in the NIV group.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, outcome: 1.2 Need for endotracheal intubation.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 1 Mortality.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 2 Need for endotracheal intubation.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 3 Length of hospital stay (days).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 4 Length of ICU stay (days).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 5 Symptom scores (higher score means more dyspnoea).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 6 Treatment intolerance.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 7 Complications of treatment.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 8 pH 1 hour post intervention.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 9 PaCO2 mmHg ‐ 1 hour post intervention.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 NIV vs usual care ‐ Overall, Outcome 10 PaO2 mmHg ‐ 1 hour post intervention.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 NIV vs UMC ‐ Admission pH subgroups, Outcome 1 Mortality.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 NIV vs UMC ‐ Admission pH subgroups, Outcome 2 Need for endotracheal intubation.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 NIV vs UMC ‐ Trial location subgroups, Outcome 1 Mortality.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 NIV vs UMC ‐ Trial location subgroups, Outcome 2 Need for endotracheal intubation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Avdeev 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Avdeev SN, Tretyakov AV, Grigoryants RA, Kutsenko MA, Chuchalin AG. Noninvasive positive airway pressure ventilation: role in treating acute respiratory failure caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesteziologita Reanimatologia 1998;3:45‐51.
Barbe 1996 {published data only}
    1. Barbe R, Togores B, Rubi M, Pons S, Maimo A, Agusti AGN. Noninvasive ventilatory support does not facilitate recovery from acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9:1240‐5. - PubMed
Bott 1993 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bott J, Carroll MP, Conway JH, Keilty SEJ, Ward EM, Brown AM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet 1993;341(8860):1555‐7. - PubMed
Brochard 1995 {published data only}
    1. Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, Lofaso F, Conti G, Rauss A, Simonneau G, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;333(13):817‐22. - PubMed
    1. Mancebo J, Benito S, Net A. The effects of face mask ventilation with pressure support ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive respiratory failure in acute decompensation [Efectos de la ventilacion con presion de soporte con mascara facial en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria cronica en descompensacion aguda]. Medicina Clinica 1994;102(17):641‐6. - PubMed
Carrera 2009 {published data only}
    1. Carrera M, Marin JM, Anton A, Chiner E, Alonso ML, Masa JF, et al. A controlled trial of noninvasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Journal of Critical Care 2009;24(3):473.e7‐473.e14. - PubMed
Celikel 1998 {published data only}
    1. Celikel T, Sungur M, Ceyhan B, Karakurt S. Comparison of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with standard medical therapy in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure. Chest 1998;114:1636‐42. - PubMed
Collaborative 2005 {published data only}
    1. Collaborative Research Group of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Early use of non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Chinese Medical Journal 2005;118(24):2034‐40. - PubMed
    1. Collaborative Research Group of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. [Early use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre randomized controlled trial]. [Chinese]. Chung‐Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases 2005;28(10):680‐4. - PubMed
del Castillo 2003 {published data only}
    1. Castillo D, Barrot E, Laserna E, Otero R, Cayuela A, Castillo Gomez J. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a general respiratory ward. Medicina Clinica (Barc) 2003;120(17):647‐51. - PubMed
Dikensoy 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dikensoy O, Ikidag B, Bayram N, Filiiz A. A randomized controlled trial of noninvasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):28s.
    1. Dikensoy O, Ikidag B, Filiiz A, Bayram N. Comparison of non‐invasive ventilation and standard medical therapy in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial at a tertiary health centre in SE Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2002;56(2):85‐8. [PMID: 11926711] - PubMed
Khilnani 2010 {published data only}
    1. Khilnani GC, Saikia N, Banga A, Sharma SK. Non‐invasive ventilation for acute exacerbation of COPD with very high PaCO2: a randomized controlled trial. Lung India 2010;27(3):125‐30. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Khilnani GC, Saikia N, Sharma SK, Pande JN, Malhotra OP. Efficacy of non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) for management of COPD with acute or acute on chronic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. American Thoracic Society 98th International Conference; 2002 May 17‐22; Georgia. 2002.
Kramer 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kramer N, Meyer TJ, Meharg J, Cece RD, Hill NS. Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure [see comments]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995;151(6):1799‐1806. - PubMed
Liu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Liu L, Qiu HB, Zheng RQ, Yang Y. [Prospective randomized controlled clinical study of early use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the treatment for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Zhongguo wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue 2005;17(8):477‐80. - PubMed
Matuska 2006 {published data only}
    1. Matuska P, Pilarova O, Merta Z, Skrickova J. Non‐invasive ventilation support in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [Czech]. Vnitrni Lekarstvi 2006;52(3):241‐8. - PubMed
Plant 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Plant PK, Owen J L, Elliott MW. Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) in acute exacerbations of COPD ‐ the Yorkshire non‐invasive ventilation trial. Thorax 1998;53(Suppl 4):A11.
    1. Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. A cost‐effectiveness analysis of non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) in acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 1999;54(Suppl 3):S43.
    1. Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. Early use of non‐invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355(9219):1931‐5. [MEDLINE: ; UI: 20315569] - PubMed
    1. Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. Non‐invasive ventilation in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: long term survival and predictors of in‐hospital outcome. Thorax 2001;56(9):708‐12. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW, Robinson A. Longterm survival following an exacerbation of COPD treated with and without non‐invasive ventilation. Thorax 1999;54(Suppl 3):S44.
Samaria 2009 {published data only}
    1. Samaria JK. Need for mechanical ventilation and in‐hospital mortality in patients of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) on conventional treatment versus non invasive positive airway pressure (NIPPV) [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010;181(Meeting Abstracts):A1515.
    1. Samaria JK. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010;181(Meeting Abstracts):A1516.
    1. Samaria JK, Srivastava SK. Profile of nosocomial pneumonia in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009:A1501 [Poster #K53].
    1. Samaria JK, Srivastava SK. Study of pH changes in patients of acute exacerbation of COPD on conventional treatment versus on NIPPV [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009;179:A1499 [Poster #K51].
    1. Samaria JK, Srivastava SK, Mathur SK. Mechanical ventilation and in‐hospital mortality in patients of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) on conventional treatment versus non invasive positive pressure (NIPPV) [Abstract]. American Thoracic Society International Conference; 2009 May 15‐20 San Diego. 2009; Vol. 179:A1500 [Poster #K52].
Thys 2002 {published data only}
    1. Thys F, Roeseler J, Reynaert M, Liistro G, Rodenstein DO. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a prospective randomised placebo‐controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(3):545‐55. - PubMed
Zhou 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zhou R, Chen P, Luo H, Xiang XD. Effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on gas exchange and patients' transformation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory failure. Bulletin of Hunan Medical University 2001;26(3):261‐2. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ahmed 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed AH, Fenwick L, Angus RM, Peacock AJ. Nasal ventilation versus doxapram in the treatment of type II respiratory failure complicating chronic airflow obstruction. Thorax 1992;47:858.
Ambrosino 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ambrosino N, Nava S, Bertone P, Fracchia C, Rampulla C. Physiologic evaluation of pressure support ventilation by nasal mask in patients with stable COPD. Chest 1992;101:385‐91. - PubMed
Ambrosino 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ambrosino N, Foglio K, Rubini F, Clini E, Nava S, Vitacca M. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlates for success. Thorax 1995;50:755‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Ambrosino 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ambrosino N. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute on chronic respiratory failure: determinants of success or failure. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 1997;52(1):73‐5. - PubMed
Angus 1996 {published data only}
    1. Angus RM, Ahmed AA, Fenwick LJ, Peacock AJ. Comparison of the acute effects on gas exchange of nasal ventilation and doxapram in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996;51:1048‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Anton 2000 {published data only}
    1. Anton A, Guell R, Gomez J, Serrano J, Castellano A, Carrasco JL, et al. Predicting the result of noninvasive ventilation in severe acute exacerbations of patients with chronic airflow limitation. Chest 2000;117:828‐33. - PubMed
Antonelli 1998 {published data only}
    1. Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M, Bufi M, Blasi RA, Vivino G, et al. A comparison of noninvasive positive‐pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339:429‐35. - PubMed
Bardi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Bardi G, Pierotello R, Desideri M, Valdisseri L, Bottai M, Palla A. Nasal ventilation in COPD exacerbations: early and late results of a prospective, controlled study. European Respiratory Journal 2000;15:98‐104. - PubMed
Benhamou 1992 {published data only}
    1. Benhamou D, Girault C, Faure C, Portier F, Muir J‐F. Nasal mask ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Chest 1992;102:912‐7. - PubMed
Boix 1995 {published data only}
    1. Boix J H, Tejeda M, Alvarez F, Ernesto E, Bertomeu F, Bano M. Non‐invasive ventilatory support in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparison of two methods. [Apoyo ventilatorio no invasivo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica. Comparacion de dos metodos.]. Revista Clinica Espana 1995;195:678‐83. - PubMed
Brijker 1999 {published data only}
    1. Brijker F, Elshout FJ, Rijk A, Folgering HT, Bosch FH. Use of noninvasive mechanical ventilation to avoid intubation during acute respiratory insufficiency [Niet‐invasieve beademing ter voorkoming van intubatie tijdens acute respiratoire insufficientie]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde 1999;146(36):1819‐23. - PubMed
Brochard 1990 {published data only}
    1. Brochard L, Isabey D, Piquet J, Amaro P, Mancebo J, Messadi AA, et al. Reversal of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease by inspiratory assistance with a face mask. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;323(22):1523‐30. - PubMed
Brochard 2002 {published data only}
    1. Brochard L, Mancebo J, Elliott MW. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. [Review]. European Respiratory Journal 2002;19(4):712‐21. - PubMed
Carlucci 2001 {published data only}
    1. Carlucci A, Gregoretti C, Squadrone V, Navalesi P, Delmastro M, Nava S. Preventive use of non‐invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) to avoid post‐extubation respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):29s.
Casanova 2000 {published data only}
    1. Casanova C, Celli BR, Tost L, Soriano E, Abreu J, Velasco V, Santolaria F. Long‐term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2000;118(6):1582‐90. - PubMed
Caubel 2001 {published data only}
    1. Caubel A, Roche N, Lefebvre A, Rabbat A, Huchon GJ. Trends in the use of non‐invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in a respiratory intensive care unit (ICU) between 1996 and 2000. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):27s.
Chen 1992a {published data only}
    1. Chen RC, Zeng YX, Li YM, Zhong NS. Mask ventilation with bi‐level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ventilator in COPD patients with acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal 1992;5(Suppl 15):515s.
Chen 1992b {published data only}
    1. Chen RC. Facial or nasal mask pressure support ventilation in managing acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 1992;15(5):285‐7. - PubMed
Chen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chen R, Zhang X, He G. Modification of facial mask on the dead space effect in non‐invasive mask ventilation. [Chinese]. Chung‐Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases 2000;23(12):734‐6. - PubMed
    1. Chen R, Zhang X, He G. Modification of facial mask on the dead space effect in non‐invasive mask ventilation. [Chinese]. Chung‐Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases 2000;23(12):734‐6. - PubMed
Christensen 1990 {published data only}
    1. Christensen HR, Simonsen K, Lange P, Clementsen P, Kampmann JP, Viskum K, et al. PEEP‐masks in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease: a negative report. European Respiratory Journal 1990;3:267‐72. - PubMed
Ciuffreda 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ciuffreda M, Sarni A, Mozzillo M, Zotti M, Aiuti M, Alessandri C. Home versus intensive care ventilators providing noninvasive ventilation (NIV): a clinical comparison during acute respiratory failure due to COPD exacerbation [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2011;38:683s [P3782].
Clini 2002 {published data only}
    1. Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A, Viaggi S, Corrado A, Donner CF, et al. The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(3):529‐38. - PubMed
Confalonieri 1994 {published data only}
    1. Confalonieri M, Aiolfi S, Gandola L, Scartabellati A, Della Porta R, Parigi P. Severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with BiPAP by nasal mask. Respiration 1994;61(6):310‐6. [PMID: 7824810] - PubMed
Confalonieri 1996 {published data only}
    1. Confalonieri M, Parigi P, Scartabellati A, Aiolfi S, Scorsetti S, Nava S, et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation improves the immediate and long‐term outcome of COPD patients with acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9(3):422‐30. [PMID: 8729999] - PubMed
Confalonieri 1998 {published data only}
    1. Confalonieri M, Gazzaniga P, Gandola L, Aiolfi S, Della Porta R, Frisinghelli A, et al. Haemodynamic response during initiation of non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD patients with acute ventilatory failure. Respiratory Medicine 1998;92:331‐7. - PubMed
Confalonieri 1999 {published data only}
    1. Confalonieri M, Potena A, Carbone G, Della Porta R, Tolley EA, Meduri GU. Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community‐acquired pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999;160:1585‐91. - PubMed
Conti 2002 {published data only}
    1. Conti G, Antonelli M, Navalesi P, Rocco M, Bufi M, Spadetta G, et al. Noninvasive vs. conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after failure of medical treatment in the ward: a randomized trial. Intensive Care Medicine 2002;28(12):1701‐7. - PubMed
Conway 1993 {published data only}
    1. Conway JH, Hitchcock RA, Godfrey RC, Carroll MP. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ‐ a preliminary study. Respiratory Medicine 1993;87:387‐94. - PubMed
Corrado 2002 {published data only}
    1. Corrado A, Confalonieri M, Marchese S, Mollica C, Villella G, Gorini M, et al. Iron lung vs mask ventilation in the treatment of acute on chronic respiratory failure in COPD patients: a multicenter study. Chest 2002;121(1):189‐95. - PubMed
Criner 1994 {published data only}
    1. Criner GJ, Travaline JM, Brennan KJ, Kreimer DT. Efficacy of a new full face mask for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Chest 1994;106:1109‐15. - PubMed
Criner 1999 {published data only}
    1. Criner GJ, Brennan K, Travaline JM, Kreimer D. Efficacy and compliance with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Chest 1999;116:667‐75. - PubMed
Da Porto 2000 {published data only}
    1. Porto R, Monacci A, Bongiorni E, Giovannetti P, Petrone A, Siclari C, et al. Non invasive assist control mechanical ventilation with volume control in severe COPD patiens with acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Society 10th Annual Congress; 2000 Aug 30‐Sep 3; Florence. 2000:Abstract 1803.
Daskalopoulou 1993 {published data only}
    1. Daskalopoulou E, Tsara V, Fekete K, Koutsantsas V, Christaki P. Treatment of acute respiratory failure in COPD patients with positive airway pressure via nasal mask (NIPPV). Chest 1993;103(3 (Suppl)):271S.
De Rosa 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rosa M, Triolo L, Reale G, Montanari A, Sanguinetti CM. Analysis of outcome measures in COPD patients requiring NIPPV. American Thoracic Society 98th International Conference; 2002 May 17‐22; Georgia. 2002.
Desideri 2004 {published data only}
    1. Desideri M, Gregori G, Marchetti G, Marrelli F, Pulera N, Tempestini F, et al. Outcomes of NPPV in patients with ARF due to AECOPD and associated obesity. Respiratory Journal 2004;24(Suppl 48):313s.
Diaz 1999 {published data only}
    1. Diaz P, Iglesia R, Ferrer M, Zavala E, Santos C, Wagner PD, et al. Effects of noninvasive ventilation on pulmonary gas exchange and haemodynamics during acute hypercapnic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1997;156(6):1840‐5. [PMID: 9412564] - PubMed
Diaz 2002 {published data only}
    1. Diaz O, Begin P, Torrealba B, Jover E, Lisboa C. Effects of noninvasive ventilation on lung hyperinflation in stable hypercapnic COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(6):1490‐8. - PubMed
Duiverman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Duiverman ML, Wempe JB, Bladder G, Jansen DF, Kerstjens HA, Zijlstra JG, et al. Nocturnal non‐invasive ventilation in addition to rehabilitation in hypercapnic patients with COPD. Thorax 2008;93:1052‐7. - PubMed
Elliot 2002 {published data only}
    1. Elliott MW, Confalonieri M, Nava S. Where to perform noninvasive ventilation?. European Respiratory Journal 2002;19(6):1159‐66. - PubMed
Elliott 1990 {published data only}
    1. Elliott MW, Steven MH, Phillips GD, Branthwaite MA. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. BMJ 1990;300(6721):358‐60. [PMID: 2106984] - PMC - PubMed
Elliott 1997 {published data only}
    1. Elliott MW. Non‐invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 57;3:83‐6. - PubMed
Elston 2001 {published data only}
    1. Elston CM, Haque AS, Eraut D, Davison AG, Ward LM. Can non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) for COPD be used on a respiratory ward in a district general ward. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):28s.
Fernandez 1993 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez R, Blanch L, Valles J, Baigorri F, Artigas A. Pressure support ventilation via face mask in acute respiratory failure in hypercapnic COPD patients. Intensive Care Medicine 1993;19:456‐61. - PubMed
Ferrer 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ferrer M, Iglesia R, Roca J, Burgos F, Torres A, Rodriguez‐Roisin R. Pulmonary gas exchange response to weaning with pressure‐support ventilation in exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2002;28(11):1595‐9. - PubMed
Foglio 1992 {published data only}
    1. Foglio C, Vitacca M, Quadri A, Scalvini S, Marangoni S, Ambrosino N. Acute exacerbations in severe COLD patients. Treatment using positive pressure ventilation by nasal mask. Chest 1992;101(6):1533‐8. - PubMed
Foglio 1994 {published data only}
    1. Foglio K, Clini E, Vitacca M. Different modes of noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in acute exacerbations of COLD patients. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 1994;49(6):556‐7. - PubMed
Gali 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gali B, Goyal DG. Positive pressure mechanical ventilation. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 2003;21(2):453‐73. - PubMed
Garrod 2000 {published data only}
    1. Garrod R, Mikelsons C, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA. Randomized controlled trial of domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and physical training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1335‐41. - PubMed
Gibbons 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gibbons D, Milner P. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for COPD patients. Professional Nurse 2002;17(7):405‐8. - PubMed
Girault 1997a {published data only}
    1. Girault C, Richard JC, Chevron V, Tamion F, Pasquis P, Leroy J, et al. Comparative physiologic effects of noninvasive assist‐control and pressure support ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest 1997;111(6):1639‐48. - PubMed
Girault 1997b {published data only}
    1. Girault C, Chevron V, Richard JC, Daudenthun I, Pasquis P, Leroy J, et al. Physiological effects and optimisation of nasal assist‐control ventilation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in respiratory failure. Thorax 1997;52(8):690‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Gorini 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gorini M, Corrado A, Ginanni R, Villela G, Augustynen A, Tozzi D. The role of invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the treatment of acute on chronic respiratory failure: a prospective cohort study. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):28s.
Gorini 2001b {published data only}
    1. Gorini M, Corrado A, Villella G, Ginanni R, Augustynen A, Tozzi D. Physiologic effects of negative pressure ventilation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;163(7):1614‐8. - PubMed
Gorini 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gorini M, Villella G, Ginanni R, Augustynen A, Tozzi D, Corrado A. Effect of assist negative pressure ventilation by microprocessor based iron lung on breathing effort. Thorax 2002;57(3):258‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Guerin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Guerin C, Lemasson S, Cara MF, Fournier G. Physiological effects of constant versus decelerating inflation flow in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under controlled mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 2002;28(2):164‐9. - PubMed
Hawker 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hawker F, Breen D, Torzillo P, Herkes R. Randomized prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996;153:1188. - PubMed
Heindl 1997 {published data only}
    1. Heindl S, Karg O, Bullemer F, Kroworsch P, Pahnke J. Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure [Nichtinvasive Beatmung bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz]. Medizinische Klinik 1997;92(1):114‐8. - PubMed
Hilbert 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, Valentino R, Portel L, Gbikpi‐Benissan G, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Quite low time consumption for nurses. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16(4):710‐6. - PubMed
Holanda 2001 {published data only}
    1. Holanda MA, Rocha EM, Farias MS, Farias MF, Paiva MA, Silva AM, et al. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure: factors associated with failure or success. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):30s.
Hui 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hui DS, Li ST, Ko FW, Chan D, Chan AT, Tong MW, et al. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on the medical wards: a retrospective study of patients with advanced COPD with acute exacerbations in hypercapnic respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):27s.
Hui 2001a {published data only}
    1. Hui KP. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) improves outcomes in a district general hospital. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):28s.
IPPBT Group 1983 {published data only}
    1. [no authors listed]. Intermittent positive pressure breathing therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 1983;99(5):612‐20. - PubMed
Jaber 2000 {published data only}
    1. Jaber S, Fodil R, Carlucci A, Boussarsar M, Pigeot J, Lemaire F, et al. Noninvasive ventilation with helium‐oxygen in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(4 Pt 1):1191‐200. - PubMed
Johnson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Johnson JE, Gavin DJ, Adams‐Dramiga S. Effects of training with heliox and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on exercise ability in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2002;122(2):464‐72. - PubMed
Jones 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jones SE, Packham S, Hebden M, Smith AP. Domiciliary nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe COPD: long term follow up and effect on survival. Thorax 1998;53:495‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Kaminski 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kaminski D, Sliwinski P, Bielen P, Zielinski J. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure [Nieinwazyjne wspomaganie wentylacji dodatnim cisnieniem u chorych na pochp w okresie hiperkapnicznej niewydolnosci oddychania]. Pneunomologia i Alergologia Polska 1999;67(1‐2):45‐52. - PubMed
Katz‐P 2000 {published data only}
    1. Katz‐Papatheophilou E, Heindl W, Gelbmann H, Hollaus P, Neumann M. Effects of biphasic positive airway pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 2000;15(3):498‐504. - PubMed
Kaya 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kaya A, Celik G, Ural O, Ozdemir O, Acican T, Saryal S. Nasal noninvasive mechanical ventilation for hypercapnic respiratory failure. European Respiratory Society 10th Annual Congress; 2000 Aug 30‐Sep 3; Florence. 2000:Abstract 1793.
Keenan 1997 {published data only}
    1. Keenan SP, Kernerman PD, Cook DJ, Martin CM, McCormack D, Sibbald WJ. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta‐analysis. Critical Care Medicine 25;10:1685‐92. - PubMed
Keenan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Keenan SP, Gregor J, Sibbald WJ, Cook D, Gafni A. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: More effective and less expensive. Critical Care Medicine 2000;28(6):2094‐102. - PubMed
Keenan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Cook DJ, Hill NS. Which patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease benefit from noninvasive positive‐pressure ventilation? A systematic review of the literature. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;138(11):861‐70. - PubMed
Keenan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Keenan SP, Powers CE, McCormack DG. Noninvasive positive‐pressure ventilation in patients with milder chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a randomized controlled trial. Respiratory Care 2005;50(5):610‐6. - PubMed
Khouaja 2012 {published data only}
    1. Khouaja I, Ghedira H. Nasal non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for moderate exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated in a Tunisian medical ward [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2012;40:356s [P2032].
Kikawada 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kikawada M, Oyama T, Ogawa K, Fukutomi A, Arai H, Katsunuma H, et al. Noninvasive positive‐pressure ventilation in an elderly woman with acute respiratory failure caused by influenza a virus pneumonia. [Japanese]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi ‐ Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 2001;38(3):409‐13. - PubMed
Klein 1981 {published data only}
    1. Klein G, Matthys H, Costabel U. [Oxygen therapy vs. intermittent positive pressure respiration in the long‐term treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (author's transl)] [German]. Praxis und Klinik der Pneumologie 1981;35(11):528‐31. - PubMed
Koehnlein 2014 {published data only}
    1. Köhnlein T, Windisch W, Köhler D, Drabik A, Geiseler J, Hartl S, et al. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2014;2(9):698‐705. - PubMed
Kong 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kong WX. Efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the patients with acute respiratory failure due to COPD complicated with multi‐pneumatocele. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015;63:S327.
Kossler 2000 {published data only}
    1. Kossler W, Lahrmann H, Brath H, Wei T, Frank W, Wild M, et al. Feedback‐controlled negative pressure ventilation in patients with stable severe hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2000;67(4):362‐6. - PubMed
    1. Kossler W, Lahrmann H, Brath H, Wei T, Frank W, Wild M, et al. Feedback‐controlled negative pressure ventilation in patients with stable severe hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2000;67(4):362‐6. - PubMed
Laier‐Groenveld 1991 {published data only}
    1. Laier‐Groenveld G, Huttemann U, Criee P‐C. NIPPV in chronic ventilatory failure [Die nichtinvasive intermittierende Selbtstbeatmung (ISB) als Therapie der chronischen Ateminsuffizienz]. Medizinische Klinik 1991;86(5):229‐33. - PubMed
Laier‐Groenveld 1995 {published data only}
    1. Laier‐Groenveld G, Criee CP. Long term effects and life expectancy after 6 years intermittent self ventilation [Langzeiteffekte und Lebenserwartung nach sechs Jahren unter intermittierender Selbstbeatmung]. Medizinische Klinik 1995;90(1):62‐3. - PubMed
Leger 1994 {published data only}
    1. Leger P, Bedicam JM, Cornette A, Reybet‐Degat O, Langevin B, Polu JM, et al. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation ‐ long‐term follow‐up in patients with severe chronic respiratory insufficiency. Chest 1994;105:100‐5. - PubMed
Lien 1993 {published data only}
    1. Lien TC, Wang JH, Chang MT, Kuo CD. Comparison of BiPAP nasal ventilation and ventilation via iron lung in severe stable COPD. Chest 1993;104(2):460‐6. - PubMed
Lien 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lien T‐C, Wang J‐H, Wu T‐C. Short‐term effects of nasal pressure support ventilation in acute exacerbation of hypercapnic COPD. Chinese Medical Journal 1996;57:335‐42. - PubMed
Lien 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lien T‐C, Wang J‐H, Huang S‐H, Chen S‐D. Comparison of bilevel positive airway pressure and volume ventilation via nasal or facial masks in patients with severe stable COPD. Chinese Medical Journal 2000;63:542‐51. - PubMed
Lukyanov 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lukyanov S, Gorbunov V, Alexeev S, Lazutkin M, Aksenova T. The influence of NIV on the pulse wave velocity in patients with the exacerbation of COPD [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2013;42:759s [P3675].
Lun 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lun C‐T, Chan VL, Leung W‐S, Cheung APS, Cheng S‐L, Tsui MSN, et al. A pilot randomized study comparing two methods of non‐invasive. Respirology 2013;18(5):814‐9. - PubMed
    1. Lun CT, Chu CM, Chan VL, Leung WS, Cheung PS, Cheng SL, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing stepwise versus immediate withdrawal from non‐invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients recovering from acute hypercapnic respiratory failure [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2012;40:364s [P2062].
Maggiore 2010 {published data only}
    1. Maggiore SM, Richard JC, Abroug F, Diehl JL, Antonelli M, Sauder P, et al. A multicentre, randomised trial of noninvasive ventilation with helium‐oxygen mixture in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. Critical Care Medicine 2010;38(1):145‐51. - PubMed
Martin 1995 {published data only}
    1. Martin TJ, Sanders MH, Bierman MI, Hovis JD. Non‐invasive application of bi‐level positive airway pressure to prevent endotracheal intubation in acute respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine 1995;23(1 (Suppl)):A129.
Martin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Martin TJ, Hovis JD, Costantino JP, Bierman MI, Donahoe MP, Rogers RM, et al. A randomized, prospective evaluation of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(3 Pt 1):807‐13. - PubMed
Meduri 1989 {published data only}
    1. Meduri GU, Conoscenti CC, Menashe P, Nair S. Noninvasive face mask ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest 1989;95(4):865‐70. - PubMed
Meecham Jones 1995 {published data only}
    1. Meecham Jones DJ, Paul EA, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995;152:538‐44. - PubMed
Meechan Jones 1994 {published data only}
    1. Meecham Jones DJ, Paul EA, Grahame‐Clarke C, Wedzicha JA. Nasal ventilation in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect of ventilator mode on arterial blood gas tensions. Thorax 1994;49:1222‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Mega 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mega C, Pisani L, Navalesi P, Bellone A, Scala R, Repetto V, et al. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF): is the helmet an effective interface? A pilot RCT [Abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 2012;40:356s [P2025].
Moretti 2001 {published data only}
    1. Moretti M, Girardis M, Marchioni A, Guglielmo M, Lombardini C, Rinaldi L, et al. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation vs invasive mechanical ventilation in COPD patients with comatose acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):29s.
Nava 1997 {published data only}
    1. Nava S, Evangelisti I, Rampulla C, Compagnoni ML, Fracchia C, Rubini F. Human and financial costs of noninvasive mechanical ventilation in patients affected by COPD and acute respiratory failure. Chest 1997;111(6):1631‐8. - PubMed
Nava 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nava S, Fanfulla F, Frigerio P, Navalesi P. Physiologic evaluation of 4 weeks of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in stable hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2001;68(6):573‐83. - PubMed
Nava 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nava S, Grassi M, Fanfulla F, Domenighetti G, Carlucci A, Perren A, et al. Non‐invasive ventilation in elderly patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2011;40(4):444‐50. - PubMed
NCT01869387 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01869387. Respiratory muscle function in COPD exacerbations [Improvement of respiratory muscle function with noninvasive ventilation in exacerbated COPD patients presenting hypercapnic respiratory failure without acidosis]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01869387 (first received 27 May 2013). [Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT01869387]
Oliveria 2001 {published data only}
    1. Oliveira F, Mota L, Santos C, Paula F, Ferreira L, Leitao MC, et al. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) for acute exacerbations (AE) in chronic obstructive insufficiency (CRI). Experience on a general ward. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):27s.
Pankow 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pankow W, Becker H, Kohler U, Schneider H, Penzel T, Peter JH. Patient‐ventilator interaction during noninvasive pressure supported spontaneous respiration in patients with hypercapnic COPD. Pneumologie 2001;55(1):7‐12. - PubMed
Pastaka 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kostikas KT, Karetsi E, Pastaka C, Tsolaki V, Gourgoulianis KI. Non invasive ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure due to COPD exacerbations that require hospital admission [Abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2006:A643 [Poster J44].
    1. Pastaka C, Kostikas K, Karetsi E, Tsolaki V, Antoniadou I, Gourgoulianis KI. Non‐invasive ventilation in chronic hypercapnic COPD patients with exacerbation and a pH of 7.35 or higher. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2007;18(7):524‐30. - PubMed
Peigang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Peigang Y, Marini JJ. Ventilation of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current Opinion in Critical Care 2002;8(1):70‐6. - PubMed
Perrin 2000 {published data only}
    1. Perrin C, Vandenbos F, Tamisier R, Lemoigne F, Blaive B. Impact of acute respiratory failure on survival of COPD patients managed with long‐term non‐invasive ventilation and oxygen therapy [Impact de la décompensation respiratoire aiguë sur la survie des BPCO prises en charge au long cours par ventilation non invasive et oxygénothérapie]. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 2000;17(1):91‐7. - PubMed
Pinheiro 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pinheiro BV, Carvalho EV, Oliveira JC, Rocha EM, Carmeiro PS, Holanda MA. Non invasive positive‐pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): factors associated with early and late failures. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):27s.
Plant 2000a {published data only}
    1. Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. One year period prevalence study of respiratory acidosis in acute exacerbations of COPD: implications for the provision of non‐invasive ventilation and oxygen administration. Thorax 2000;55(7):550‐4. [MEDLINE: ; UID: 20316216] - PMC - PubMed
Polese 2000 {published data only}
    1. Polese G, Vitacca M, Bianchi L, Rossi A, Ambrosino N. Nasal proportional assist ventilation unloads the inspiratory muscles of stable patients with hypercapnia due to COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16(3):491‐8. - PubMed
Pollack 1996 {published data only}
    1. Pollack CJ, Torres MT, Alexander L. Feasibility study of the use of bilevel positive airway pressure for respiratory support in emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1996;27(2):189‐92. [PMID: 8629750] - PubMed
Poponick 1999 {published data only}
    1. Poponick JM, Renston JP, Bennett RP, Emerman CL. Use of a ventilatory support system (BiPAP) for acute respiratory failure in the emergency department. Chest 1999;116(1):166‐71. - PubMed
Porta 2000 {published data only}
    1. Porta R, Ambrosino N. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 2000;55(6):509‐10. - PubMed
Porta 2002 {published data only}
    1. Porta R, Appendini L, Vitacca M, Bianchi L, Donner CF, Poggi R, et al. Mask proportional assist vs pressure support ventilation in patients in clinically stable condition with chronic ventilatory failure. Chest 2002;122(2):479‐88. - PubMed
Potena 2003 {published data only}
    1. Potena A, Putinati S, Ballerin L, Ritrovato L, Piattella M, Zabini F. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prognostic factors and long term survival. Minerva Pneumologica 2003;42(4):201‐10.
Putinati 2000 {published data only}
    1. Putinati S, Ballerin L, Piattella M, Panella GL, Potena A. Is it possible to predict the success of non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to COPD?. Respiratory Medicine 2000;94(10):997‐1001. - PubMed
Rappaport 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rappaport SH, Shpiner R, Yoshihara G, Wright J, Chang P, Abraham E. Randomized, prospective trial of pressure‐limited versus volume‐controlled ventilation in severe respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine 1994;22(1):22‐32. - PubMed
Reissmann 2000 {published data only}
    1. Reissmann HK, Ranieri VM, Goldberg P, Gottfried SB. Continuous positive airway pressure facilitates spontaneous breathing in weaning chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients by improving breathing pattern and gas exchange. Intensive Care Medicine 2000;26(12):1764‐72. - PubMed
Rizvi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rizvi N, Mehmood N. Role of Bi‐Pap in acute respiratory failure due to acute exacerbation of COPD. European Respiratory Society 10th Annual Congress; 2000 Aug 30‐Sep 3; Florence. 2000; Vol. Abstract 1794.
Robino 2003 {published data only}
    1. Robino C, Faisy C, Diehl JL, Rezgui N, Labrousse J, Guerot E. Effectiveness of non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation differs between decompensated chronic restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2003;29(4):603‐10. - PubMed
Roessler 2012 {published data only}
    1. Roessler MS, Schmid DS, Michels P, Schmid O, Jung K, Stober J, et al. Early out‐of‐hospital non‐invasive ventilation is superior to standard medical treatment in patients with acute respiratory failure: a pilot study. Emergency Medicine Journal 2012;29(5):409‐14. - PubMed
Scala 2001 {published data only}
    1. Scala R, Bartolucci S, Fabianelli F, Rossi M. Non invasive positive pressure mechanical ventilation (NIV) in acute respiratory failure (ARF): 5 years' experience in a respiratory ward (RW). European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):27s.
Scandroglio 2002 {published data only}
    1. Scandroglio M, Piccolo U, Mazzone E, Agrati P, Aspesi M, Gamberoni C, et al. Use and nursing of the helmet in delivering non invasive ventilation. Minerva Anestesiologica 2002;68(5):475‐80. - PubMed
Schonhofer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Schonhofer B, Barchfeld T, Wenzel M, Kohler D. Long term effects of non‐invasive mechanical ventilation on pulmonary haemodynamics in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Thorax 2001;56(7):524‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Seith 1976 {published data only}
    1. Seith U. Evaluation of therapeutic results of intermittent positive pressure respiration (author's translation) [Uber die Schwierigkeit, die Behandlungsergebnisse der Inhalation mit intermittierendem Uberdruck (IPPB) zu verifizieren]. Praxis Der Pneumologie Vereinigt Mit Der Tuberkulosearzt 1976;30(8):509‐10. - PubMed
Sellares 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sellares J, Ferrer M, Bencosme C, Loureiro H, Martinez P, Pajares V, et al. Assessment of two methods to withdraw non‐invasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure [Abstract]. Euroepan Respiratory Journal 2012;40:833s [4564].
Servera 1995a {published data only}
    1. Servera E, Perez M, Marin J, Vergara P, Castano R. Noninvasive nasal mask ventilation beyond the ICU for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory insufficiency. Chest 1995;108:1572‐6. - PubMed
Servera 1995b {published data only}
    1. Servera E, Vergara P, Marin J, Perez M, Castano R, Mora H. Assisted ventilation via nasal mask in patients hospitalized in a pneumology ward for decompensation of their chronic air‐flow obstruction [Ventilacion asistida via mascara nasal en pacientes hospitalizados en una sala de neumologia por descompensacion de su obstruccionn cronica al flujo aereo]. Archivos de Bronconeumologia 1995;31(8):399‐402. - PubMed
Shang 2001 {published data only}
    1. Shang M, Wang C, Dai H. Changes in respiratory and circulatory function during sequential invasive‐noninvasive mechanical ventilation [I]. Chung‐Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2001;24(8):487‐9. - PubMed
Shang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Shang D, Dang X‐M, Yang L, Han J‐F, Sun Z‐M, Feng S‐F, et al. Treatment of respiratory muscle fatigue in patients with AECOPD by non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation. [Chinese]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Medical Sciences) 2014;35(6):824‐27, 847.
Sidhu 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sidhu US, Behera D. Non invasive ventilation in COPD. Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences 2000;42(2):105‐14. - PubMed
Simonds 1995 {published data only}
    1. Simonds AK, Elliott MW. Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders. Thorax 1995;50:604‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Sinuff 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sinuff T, Cook DJ. Health technology assessment in the ICU: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Journal of Critical Care 2003;18(1):59‐67. - PubMed
Soo Hoo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Soo Hoo GW, Santiago S, Williams AJ. Nasal mechanical ventilation for hypercapnic respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: determinants of success and failure. Critical Care Medicine 1994;22(8):1253‐61. - PubMed
Summers 2002 {published data only}
    1. Summers RL, Patch J, Kolb JC. Effect of the initiation of noninvasive bi‐level positive airway pressure on haemodynamic stability. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2002;9(1):37‐41. - PubMed
Tarrega 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tarrega J, Anton A, Guell R, Sanchis J. Survival in COPD patients after noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbation. European Respiratory Society 10th Annual Congress; 2000 Aug 30‐Sep 3; Florence. 2000; Vol. Abstract 2760.
Teba 1996 {published data only}
    1. Teba L, Marks P, Benzo R. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation: the benefits of the BiPAP system. West Virginia Medical Journal 1996;92:18‐21. - PubMed
Thys 1999 {published data only}
    1. Thys F, Roeseler J, Delaere S, Palavecino L, Gariani A, Marion E, et al. Two‐level non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation in the initial treatment of acute respiratory failure in an emergency department. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 1999;6(3):207‐14. - PubMed
Todisco 2001 {published data only}
    1. Todisco T, Baglioni S, Eslami A. Application of non invasive ventilation in patients with acute hypercapnic exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure: our experience on use of negative pressure ventilation and non invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(33):29s.
Tsuboi 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tsuboi T. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with COPD. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine 1999;57(9):2074‐82. - PubMed
Vanpee 2001 {published data only}
    1. Vanpee D, Delaunois L, Gillet JB. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary patients in the emergency department. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2001;8(1):21‐5. - PubMed
Vanpee 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vanpee D, Khawand C, Rousseau L, Jamart J, Delaunois L. Effects of nasal pressure support on ventilation and inspiratory work in normocapnic and hypercapnic patients with stable COPD. Chest 2002;122(1):75‐83. - PubMed
Vanpee 2002b {published data only}
    1. Vanpee D, Delaunois L, Lheureux P, Thys F, Sabbe M, Meulemans A, et al. Survey of non‐invasive ventilation for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in emergency departments in Belgium. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 2002;9(3):217‐24. - PubMed
Vanpee 2002c {published data only}
    1. Vanpee D, Khawand C, Rousseau L, Jamart J, Delaunois L. Does inspiratory behaviour affect the efficiency of non‐invasive ventilation in COPD patients?. Respiratory Medicine 2002;96(9):709‐15. - PubMed
Vitacca 1993 {published data only}
    1. Vitacca M, Rubini F, Foglio K, Scalvini S, Nava S, Ambrosino N. Non‐invasive modalities of positive pressure ventilation improve the outcome of acute exacerbations in COLD patients [see comments]. Intensive Care Medicine 1993;19(8):450‐5. - PubMed
Vitacca 2000 {published data only}
    1. Vitacca M, Clini E, Pagani M, Bianchi L, Rossi A, Ambrosino N. Physiologic effects of early administered mask proportional assist ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure. Critical Care Medicine 2000;28(6):1791‐7. - PubMed
Vitacca 2000b {published data only}
    1. Vitacca M, Nava S, Confalonieri M, Bianchi L, Porta R, Clini E, Ambrosino N. The appropriate setting of noninvasive pressure support ventilation in stable COPD patients. Chest 2000;118(5):1286‐93. - PubMed
Vitacca 2002 {published data only}
    1. Vitacca M, Barbano L, D'Anna S, Porta R, Bianchi L, Ambrosino N. Comparison of five bilevel pressure ventilators in patients with chronic ventilatory failure: a physiologic study. Chest 2002;122(6):2105‐14. - PubMed
Wedzicha 1996a {published data only}
    1. Wedzicha JA. Nasal positive pressure ventilation in COPD. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 1996;51(1):81‐2. - PubMed
Wedzicha 1996b {published data only}
    1. Wedzicha JA. Non‐invasive ventilation for exacerbations of respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996;51(Suppl 2):S35‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Wedzicha 2002 {published data only}
    1. Wedzicha JA, Muir JF. Noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal 2002;20(3):777‐84. - PubMed
Windisch 2002 {published data only}
    1. Windisch W, Storre JH, Matthys H, Sorichter S, Virchow JC Jr. Weaning from mechanical ventilation by long‐term nasal positive pressure ventilation in two patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with pneumococcal sepsis. Respiration 2002;69(5):464‐7. - PubMed
Windisch 2002b {published data only}
    1. Windisch W, Vogel M, Sorichter S, Hennings E, Bremer H, Hamm H, et al. Normocapnia during NIPPV in chronic hypercapnic COPD reduces subsequent spontaneous PaCO2. Respiratory Medicine 2002;96(8):572‐9. - PubMed
Wong 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wong P, Tee A, Eritaia J, Goldin J, Irving L. NIV during the resolution phase of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure secondary to COPD in improving sleep quality and recovery. Respirology 2007;12(Suppl 4):A207.
Wood 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wood KA, Lewis L, Harz B, Kollef MH. The use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the emergency department. Chest 1998;113(5):1339‐46. - PubMed
Wysocki 1995 {published data only}
    1. Wysocki M, Tric L, Wolff MA, Millet H, Herman B. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized comparison with conventional therapy. Chest 1995;107(3):761‐8. - PubMed
Xue 2000 {published data only}
    1. Xue Z, Bai L, Ma Q. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after upper abdominal and thoracic surgery. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology 2000;03:145‐8.
Yang 2002 {published data only}
    1. Yang SC, Yang SP. Effects of inspiratory flow waveforms on lung mechanics, gas exchange, and respiratory metabolism in COPD patients during mechanical ventilation. Chest 2002;122(6):2096‐104. - PubMed
Ye 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ye Q, Wang C, Tong Z. Proportional assist ventilation: methodology therapeutics on COPD patients compared with pressure support ventilation. Chung‐Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2000;23(4):228‐31. - PubMed
Ye 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ye Q, Wang C, Tong Z, Huang K, Jiang C, Weng X. Proportional assist ventilation: methodology and therapeutics on COPD patients compared with pressure support ventilation. Chinese Medical Journal 2002;115(2):179‐83. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Liao 2004 {published data only}
    1. Liao XQ, Li Q, Lin KX. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for early treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a random controlled trial. Acta Academic Medicine Militaris Tertiae 2004;26(8):739‐41.
Samaria 2013 {published data only}
    1. Samaria JK. Comparison of conventional therapy with non‐invasive positive ventilation in patients of acute exacerbation of COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013;187:A1453.
Servillo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Servillo G, Ughi L, Rossano F, Leone D. Non invasive mask pressure support ventilation in COPD patients. Intensive Care Medicine 1994;20 Suppl:S54.

References to ongoing studies

Duan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Duan Y. Observation of non‐invasive positive ventilation united inhalation treatment therapeutic effect on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with type II respiratory failure [Abstract]. Respirology 2011;16:93 [187].

Additional references

Ambrosino 1996
    1. Ambrosino, N. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9:795‐807. - PubMed
Appendi 1994
    1. Appendini L, Patessio A, Zanaboni S, Carone M, Gukov B, Donner CF, et al. Physiologic effects of positive end‐expiratory pressure and mask pressure support during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1994;149(5):1069‐76. [PUBMED: 8173743] - PubMed
Brochard 1994
    1. Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S, Conti G, Mancebo J, Rekik N, et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1994;150:896‐903. - PubMed
Chandra 2012
    1. Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B, Ramos RM, Satterwhite L, Krishnan JA, et al. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998–2008. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;185(2):152‐9. [PUBMED: PMC3297087] - PMC - PubMed
Coakley 1992
    1. Coakley JH, Nagendran K, Ormerod IE, Ferguson CN, Hinds CJ. Prolonged neurogenic weakness in patients requiring mechanical ventilation for acute airflow limitation. Chest 1992;101:1413‐6. - PubMed
Esteban 1995
    1. Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, Alia I, Solsona JF, Valverdu I, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332:345‐50. - PubMed
Fagon 1993
    1. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance A, Montravers P, Novara A, Gibert C. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. American Journal of Medicine 1993;94:281‐7. - PubMed
Guerin 1997
    1. Guerin C, Girard R, Chemorin C, Varax R, Fournier G. Facial mask noninvasive mechanical ventilation reduces the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia. A prospective epidemiological survey from a single ICU. Intensive Care Medicine 1997;23:1024‐32. - PubMed
Helliwell 1991
    1. Helliwell TR, Coakley JH, Wagenmakers AJ, Griffiths RD, Campbell IT, Green CJ, et al. Necrotizing myopathy in critically ill patients. Journal of Pathology 1991;164(4):307‐14. - PubMed
Higgins 2008
    1. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ. Chapter 7: Selecting studies and collecting data. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. London, UK: The Cochrane Collaboration,, 2011.
Jaun 1984
    1. Jaun G, Calverley P, Talamo C, Schnader J, Roussos C. Effect of carbon dioxide on diaphragmatic function in human beings. New England Journal of Medicine 1984;310:874‐9. - PubMed
Jeffrey 1992
    1. Jeffrey AA, Warren PM, Flenley DC. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease: risk factors and use of guidelines for management. Thorax 1992;47(1):34‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Koenig 2006
    1. Koenig SM, Truwit JD. Ventilator‐associated pneumonia: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006;19(4):637‐57. [PUBMED: 17041138] - PMC - PubMed
Kramer 1999
    1. Kramer B. Ventilator‐associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1999;130:1027‐8. - PubMed
Le Bourdelles 1994
    1. Bourdelles G, Vires N, Bockzowki SN, Pavolovic D, Aubier M. Effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragmatic contractile properties in rats. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1994;149:1539‐44. - PubMed
Macklem 1984
    1. Macklem PT. Hyperinflation. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1984;129:1‐2. - PubMed
Moloney 1999
    1. Moloney E, Kiely JL, McDonnell T, McNicholas WT. Nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) therapy for chronic respiratory failure: long‐term effects. Irish Medical Journal 1999;92(6):401‐3. - PubMed
Nourdine 1999
    1. Nourdine K, Combes P, Carton M‐J, Beuret P, Cannamela A, Ducreux J‐C. Does noninvasive ventilation reduce the ICU nosocomial infection risk? A prospective clinical survey. Intensive Care Medicine 1999;25:567‐73. - PubMed
Roberts 2011
    1. Roberts CM, Stone RA, Buckingham RJ, Pursey NA, Lowe D. Acidosis, non‐invasive ventilation and mortality in hospitalised COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2011;66(1):43‐8. [PUBMED: 21075776] - PubMed
Shapiro 1986
    1. Shapiro M, Wilson RK, Casar G, Bloom K, Teague RB. Work of breathing through different sized endotracheal tubes. Critical Care Medicine 1986;14:1028‐31. - PubMed
Stauffer 1982
    1. Stauffer JL, Silvestri RC. Complications of endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy and artificial airways. Respiratory Care 1982;27:417‐34.
Tobin 1986
    1. Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, Semmes BJ, Madar MJ, Allen SJ, et al. The pattern of breathing during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1986;134(6):1111‐8. - PubMed
Waters 2015
    1. Waters B, Muscedere J. A 2015 update on ventilator‐associated pneumonia: new insights on its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Current Infectious Disease Reports 2015;17(8):496. [PUBMED: 26115700] - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Ram 2004
    1. Ram FSF, Picot J, Lightowler J, Wedzicha JA. Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004104.pub3] - DOI

Publication types

MeSH terms