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. 2017 Jul 13;14(7):771.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph14070771.

Green Streets: Urban Green and Birth Outcomes

Kathryn Abelt  1 , Sara McLafferty  2
Affiliations

Green Streets: Urban Green and Birth Outcomes

Kathryn Abelt et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Recent scholarship points to a protective association between green space and birth outcomes as well a positive relationship between blue space and wellbeing. We add to this body of literature by exploring the relationship between expectant mothers' exposure to green and blue spaces and adverse birth outcomes in New York City. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the NYC Street Tree Census, and access to major green spaces served as measures of greenness, while proximity to waterfront areas represented access to blue space. Associations between these factors and adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth, term birthweight, term low birthweight, and small for gestational age, were evaluated via mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models. The analyses were conducted separately for women living in deprived neighborhoods to test for differential effects on mothers in these areas. The results indicate that women in deprived neighborhoods suffer from higher rates adverse birth outcomes and lower levels of residential greenness. In adjusted models, a significant inverse association between nearby street trees and the odds of preterm birth was found for all women. However, we did not identify a consistent significant relationship between adverse birth outcomes and NDVI, access to major green spaces, or waterfront access when individual covariates were taken into account.

Keywords: birth outcomes; blue space; green space; greenness; preterm birth; small for gestational age; street trees; term birthweight; term low birthweight.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values in New York City.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Example measures of greenness exposure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Example measures of access to major green spaces and waterfront areas.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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