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. 2017 Jul 13;12(7):e0181332.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181332. eCollection 2017.

Socio-economic predictors of stillbirths in Nepal (2001-2011)

Pramesh Raj Ghimire  1 , Kingsley Emwinyore Agho  1 , Andre Renzaho  2 , Aliki Christou  3 , Monjura Khatun Nisha  3 , Michael Dibley  3 , Camille Raynes-Greenow  3
Affiliations

Socio-economic predictors of stillbirths in Nepal (2001-2011)

Pramesh Raj Ghimire et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Introduction: Stillbirth has a long-lasting impact on parents and families. This study examined socio-economic predictors associated with stillbirth in Nepal for the year 2001, 2006 and 2011.

Methods: The Nepalese Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data for the period (2001-2011) were pooled to estimate socio-economic predictors associated with stillbirths in Nepal using binomial logistic regression while taking clustering and sampling weights into account.

Results: A total of 18,386 pregnancies of at least 28 weeks gestation were identified. Of these pregnancies, 335 stillbirths were reported. Stillbirth increased significantly among women that lived in the hills ecological zones (aRR 1.38, 95% CI 1.02, 1.87) or in the mountains ecological zones (aRR 1.71, 95% CI 1.10, 2.66). Women with no schooling (aRR 1.72, 95% CI 1.10, 2.69), women with primary education (aRR 1.81, 95% CI 1.11, 2.97); open defecation (aRR 1.48, 95% CI 1.00, 2.18), and those whose major occupation was agriculture (aRR 1.80, 95% CI 1.16, 2.78) are more likely to report higher stillbirth.

Conclusions: Low levels of education, ecological zones and open defecation were found to be strong predictors of stillbirth. Access to antenatal care services and skilled birth attendants for women in the mountainous and hilly ecological zones of Nepal is needed to further reduce stillbirth and improved services should also focus on women with low levels of education.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Conceptual framework of socio-economic predictors of stillbirth in Nepal.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Pooled stillbirth rate by ecological zone in Nepal, 2001–2011.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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