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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Jul 19;7(7):CD003585.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003585.pub3.

Occupational therapy for adults with problems in activities of daily living after stroke

Lynn A Legg  1 , Sharon R Lewis, Oliver J Schofield-Robinson, Avril Drummond, Peter Langhorne
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Occupational therapy for adults with problems in activities of daily living after stroke

Lynn A Legg et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Activities of daily living (ADL) are daily home-based activities that people carry out to maintain health and well-being. ADLs include the ability to: eat and drink unassisted, move, go to the toilet, carry out personal hygiene tasks, dress unassisted, and groom. Stroke causes impairment-related functional limitations that may result in difficulties participating in ADLs independent of supervision, direction, or physical assistance.For adults with stroke, the goal of occupational therapy is to improve their ability to carry out activities of daily living. Strategies used by occupational therapists include assessment, treatment, adaptive techniques, assistive technology, and environmental adaptations. This is an update of the Cochrane review first published in 2006.

Objectives: To assess the effects of occupational therapy interventions on the functional ability of adults with stroke in the domain of activities of daily living, compared with no intervention or standard care/practice.

Search methods: For this update, we searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 30 January 2017), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, January 2017), MEDLINE (1946 to 5 January 2017), Embase (1974 to 5 January 2017), CINAHL (1937 to January 2017), PsycINFO (1806 to 2 November 2016), AMED (1985 to 1 November 2016), and Web of Science (1900 to 6 January 2017). We also searched grey literature and clinical trials registers.

Selection criteria: We identified randomised controlled trials of an occupational therapy intervention (compared with no intervention or standard care/practice) where people with stroke practiced activities of daily living, or where performance in activities of daily living was the focus of the occupational therapy intervention.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data for prespecified outcomes. The primary outcomes were the proportion of participants who had deteriorated or were dependent in personal activities of daily living and performance in activities of daily living at the end of follow-up.

Main results: We included nine studies with 994 participants in this update. Occupational therapy targeted towards activities of daily living after stroke increased performance scores (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03 to 0.31, P = 0.02; 7 studies; 749 participants; low-quality evidence) and reduced the risk of poor outcome (death, deterioration or dependency in personal activities of daily living) (odds ratio (OR) 0.71, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96; P = 0.03; 5 studies; 771 participants; low-quality evidence). We also found that those who received occupational therapy were more independent in extended activities of daily living (OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.37); P = 0.005; 5 studies; 665 participants; low-quality evidence). Occupational therapy did not influence mortality (OR: 1.02 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.61); P = 0.93; 8 studies; 950 participants), or reduce the combined odds of death and institutionalisation (OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.60 to 1.32); P = 0.55; 4 studies; 671 participants), or death and dependency (OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.23); P = 0.47; 4 trials; 659 participants). Occupational therapy did not improve mood or distress scores (OR 0.08 (95% CI -0.09 to 0.26); P = 0.35; 4 studies; 519 participants; low-quality evidence). There were insufficient data to determine the effects of occupational therapy on health-related quality of life. We found no studies of consenting carers prior to study participation and therefore there were no carer-related outcomes in our review. There were insufficient data to determine participants' and carers' satisfaction with services.Using GRADE, the quality of evidence was low. The major limitation was the number of studies at unclear risk of selection bias and an inevitable high risk of performance and detection bias, as both participants and occupational therapists could not be blinded to the intervention. In addition, there was a sparseness of data for our outcomes of interest and we downgraded the quality of our evidence for these reasons.

Authors' conclusions: We found low-quality evidence that occupational therapy targeted towards activities of daily living after stroke can improve performance in activities of daily living and reduce the risk of deterioration in these abilities. Because the included studies had methodological flaws, this research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect of occupational therapy for adults with stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

Lynn Legg: none known Sharon Lewis: none known Oliver J Schofield‐Robinson: none known Avril Drummond (AD): AD was a co‐author of one of the included studies. AD was not involved in trial selection in this update. Peter Langhorne (PL): PL was an co‐author of one of the included studies. PL was not involved in trial selection in this update.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram of search conducted in January 2017.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 1: Activities of daily living
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 2: Death or 'poor outcome' (deterioration or dependency)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 3: Death by the end of scheduled follow‐up
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 4: Death or requiring institutional care by the end of scheduled follow up
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 5: Death or dependency by the end of scheduled follow‐up
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 6: Extended activities of daily living scores
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 7: Mood or distress scores
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 8: Sensitivity to missing data (odds of poor outcome: better)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Occupational therapy versus no routine input, Outcome 9: Sensitivity to missing data (odds of poor outcome: worse)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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References to studies awaiting assessment

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Publication types