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The odontoid process, known as the dens, is a bony element extending superiorly from the second cervical vertebra (C2, or the axis). The odontoid process is a pivotal point for rotation, with the first cervical vertebra (C1, or the atlas) rotating around it to provide the most significant single component of lateral rotation in the cervical spine. Fractures of the odontoid process are categorized into 3 types: type I, type II, and type III, depending on the location and morphology of the fracture.
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Bakhsh A, Alzahrani A, Aljuzair AH, Ahmed U, Eldawoody H. Fractures of C2 (Axis) Vertebra: Clinical Presentation and Management. Int J Spine Surg. 2020 Dec;14(6):908-915.
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Benca E, Zderic I, van Knegsel KP, Caspar J, Hirtler L, Fuchssteiner C, Strassl A, Gueorguiev B, Widhalm H, Windhager R, Varga P. Biomechanical Assessment of Fracture Loads and Patterns of the Odontoid Process. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2022 Sep 01;47(17):1212-1220.
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Sommer F, Kirnaz S, Goldberg J, McGrath L, Navarro-Ramirez R, Gadjradj P, Medary B, Härtl R. Treatment of Odontoid Fractures in Elderly Patients Using C1/C2 Instrumented Fusion Supplemented With Bilateral Atlantoaxial Joint Spacers: A Case Series. Int J Spine Surg. 2022 Jun;16(3):442-449.
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