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. 2017 Jul 25;7(7):CD003881.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003881.pub4.

Urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women

Vivienne Kirchin  1 , Tobias Page, Phil E Keegan, Kofi Om Atiemo, June D Cody, Samuel McClinton, Patricia Aluko
Affiliations

Urethral injection therapy for urinary incontinence in women

Vivienne Kirchin et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Urinary incontinence imposes a significant health and economic burden to society. Periurethral or transurethral injection of bulking agents is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used as one the surgical treatments of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in adult women.

Objectives: To assess the effects of periurethral or transurethral injection therapy on the cure or improvement of urinary incontinence in women.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 8 November 2010) and the reference lists of relevant articles.

Selection criteria: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of treatment for urinary incontinence in which at least one management arm involved periurethral or transurethral injection therapy.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed methodological quality of each study using explicit criteria. Data extraction was undertaken independently and clarification concerning possible unreported data sought directly from the investigators.

Main results: Excluding duplicate reports, we identified 14 trials (excluding one that was subsequently withdrawn from publication and not included in this analysis) including 2004 women that met the inclusion criteria. The limited data available were not suitable for meta-analysis because they all came from separate trials. Trials were small and generally of moderate quality.One trial of 45 women that compared injection therapy with conservative treatment showed early benefit for the injectable therapy with respect to continence grade (risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52 to 0.94) and quality of life (mean difference (MD) 0.54, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.92). Another trial, comparing Injection of autologous fat with placebo, terminated early because of safety concerns. Two trials that compared injection with surgical management found significantly better objective cure in the surgical group (RR 4.77, 95% CI 1.96 to 11.64; and RR 1.69, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.79), although the latter trial data did not reach statistical significance if an intention-to-treat analysis was used.Eight trials compared different agents and all results had wide confidence intervals. Silicone particles, calcium hydroxylapatite, ethylene vinyl alcohol, carbon spheres and dextranomer hyaluronic acid combination gave improvements which were not shown to be more or less efficacious than collagen. Dextranomer hyaluronic acid compound treated patients appeared to have significantly higher rates of injection site complications (16% with the hyaluronic acid compound versus none with collagen; RR 37.78, 95% CI 2.34 to 610.12) and this product has now been withdrawn from the market.A comparison of periurethral and transurethral methods of injection found similar outcomes but a higher (though not statistically significant) rate of early complications in the periurethral group. One trial of 30 women showed a weak (but not clinically significant) advantage for patient satisfaction (data not suitable for analysis in RevMan) after mid-urethral injection in comparison to bladder neck injection but with no demonstrable difference in continence levels.

Authors' conclusions: The available evidence base remains insufficient to guide practice. In addition, the finding that placebo saline injection was followed by a similar symptomatic improvement to bulking agent injection raises questions about the mechanism of any beneficial effects. One small trial comparing silicone particles with pelvic floor muscle training was suggestive of benefit at three months but it is not known if this was sustained, and the treatment was associated with high levels of postoperative retention and dysuria. Greater symptomatic improvement was observed with surgical treatments, though the advantages need to be set against likely higher risks. No clear-cut conclusions could be drawn from trials comparing alternative agents, although dextranomer hyaluronic acid was associated with more local side effects and is no longer commercially available for this indication. There is insufficient evidence to show superiority of mid-urethral or bladder neck injection. The single trial of autologous fat provides a reminder that periurethral injections can occasionally cause serious side effects. Also, a Brief Economic Commentary (BEC) identified three studies suggesting that urethral bulking agent might be more cost-effective compared with retropubic mid-urethral slings, transobturator or traditional sling procedure when used as an initial treatment in women without hypermobility or as a follow-up to surgery failure provided injection is kept minimal. However, urethral bulking agent might not be cost-effective when compared with traditional sling as an initial treatment of SUI when a patient is followed up for a longer period (15 months post-surgery).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Vivienne Kirchin: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ I have experience of using three intraurethral bulking agents (Macroplastique™, Zuidex™ and Bulkamid) but have no financial relationship with or other interest in either product that would represent a conflict of interest.

Tobias Page: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ None of the companies who have supported me in the past have promoted a urethral bulking agent to me and neither is actively marketing a urethral bulking agent at this time to my knowledge.

Phil E Keegan: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ I have received speaker fees and travel grants from Ipsen and Astellas.

Kofi OM Atiemo: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ None known

June D Cody: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ None known

Samuel McClinton: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ None known

Patricia Aluko: 2012 version ‐ None known. July 2017 BECs version ‐ None known

Figures

1
1
PRISMA Study flow diagram ‐ showing the flow of literature through the review process
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Urethral injection therapy versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number not improved (worse or unchanged) within first year.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Urethral injection therapy versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Pad weight test.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Urethral injection therapy versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Disease‐specific measures.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Urethral injection therapy versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Number of patients requiring more than 1 treatment to achieve maximum benefit.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Urethral injection therapy versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Peri‐ and postoperative complication.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Urethral injection therapy versus no treatment, Outcome 6 Serious morbidity (such as pulmonary embolism) or mortality.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Urethral injection therapy versus conservative management, Outcome 1 Number not cured (worse, unchanged or improved) at 3 months.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Urethral injection therapy versus conservative management, Outcome 2 Number not improved (worse or unchanged) at 3 months.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Urethral injection therapy versus conservative management, Outcome 3 Disease‐specific measures.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Urethral injection therapy versus conservative management, Outcome 4 Peri‐ and postoperative complication.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Urethral injection therapy versus other surgical managements, Outcome 1 Number not cured (subjectively) within first year.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Urethral injection therapy versus other surgical managements, Outcome 2 Number not cured (objectively) within first year.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Urethral injection therapy versus other surgical managements, Outcome 3 Presence of urinary urgency and urge incontinence.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Urethral injection therapy versus other surgical managements, Outcome 4 Disease‐specific measures.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Urethral injection therapy versus other surgical managements, Outcome 5 Numbers not satisfied.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 1 Number not cured (worse, unchanged ) within first year.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 2 Number not cured (worse, unchanged ) after first year.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 3 Number not improved (worse or unchanged) within first year.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 4 Number not improved (worse or unchanged) after first year.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 5 Presence of urge incontinence.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 6 Pad weight test.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 7 Number of treatment required to achieve maximum benefit.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 8 Number of patients requiring more than 1 treatment to achieve maximum benefit.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 9 Total volume injected.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 10 Peri‐ and post‐ operative complication.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 11 Voiding difficulties postoperatively and long‐term (hypercontinence).
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 12 New urinary symptoms (urge incontinence).
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 One material for injectable treatment versus another material for injectable treatment, Outcome 13 Injection site complications.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 One route of injection versus another route of injection, Outcome 1 Number not cured (worse, unchanged or improved) within first year.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 One route of injection versus another route of injection, Outcome 2 Urinary retention.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

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Anonymous 2004 {published data only}
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Anonymous 2006 {published data only}
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