. 2017 Jul 25;9(8):792.

doi: 10.3390/nu9080792.

The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women

Yifan Yang^{1

2}, Yi Shi^{3

4}, Petri Wiklund^{5

6

7

8}, Xiao Tan^{5

6}, Na Wu^{9

10}, Xiaobo Zhang^{11

12}, Olli Tikkanen^{13

14}, Chenhong Zhang¹⁵, Eveliina Munukka¹⁶, Sulin Cheng^{17

18

19

20}

Affiliations

¹ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yifanyang89@outlook.com.
² Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yifanyang89@outlook.com.
³ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yishi@sjtu.edu.cn.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yishi@sjtu.edu.cn.
⁵ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
⁶ Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
⁷ Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
⁹ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. wuna0308@163.com.
¹⁰ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. wuna0308@163.com.
¹¹ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. xbzhang@aliyun.com.
¹² Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. xbzhang@aliyun.com.
¹³ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. lltkknn@gmail.com.
¹⁴ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. lltkknn@gmail.com.
¹⁵ State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. zhangchenhong@sjtu.edu.cn.
¹⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland. emunukka@gmail.com.
¹⁷ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.
¹⁸ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.
¹⁹ Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.
²⁰ Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.

PMID: 28757576
PMCID: PMC5579588
DOI: 10.3390/nu9080792

The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women

Yifan Yang et al. Nutrients. 2017.

. 2017 Jul 25;9(8):792.

doi: 10.3390/nu9080792.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yifanyang89@outlook.com.
² Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yifanyang89@outlook.com.
³ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yishi@sjtu.edu.cn.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. yishi@sjtu.edu.cn.
⁵ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
⁶ Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
⁷ Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
⁹ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. wuna0308@163.com.
¹⁰ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. wuna0308@163.com.
¹¹ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. xbzhang@aliyun.com.
¹² Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. xbzhang@aliyun.com.
¹³ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. lltkknn@gmail.com.
¹⁴ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. lltkknn@gmail.com.
¹⁵ State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. zhangchenhong@sjtu.edu.cn.
¹⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland. emunukka@gmail.com.
¹⁷ School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.
¹⁸ Exercise, Health and Technology center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.
¹⁹ Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.
²⁰ Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. shulin.cheng@jyu.fi.

PMID: 28757576
PMCID: PMC5579588
DOI: 10.3390/nu9080792

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and gut microbiota composition in premenopausal women. The participants consisted of 71 premenopausal Finnish women (aged 19-49 years). Gut microbiota were analyzed using flow cytometry, 16S rRNA gene hybridization and DNA-staining. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) was assessed by respiratory gas analyzer and body composition by Bioimpdance. We found that participants with low VO_2max had lower Bacteroides, but higher Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides than the high VO_2max group (p < 0.05 for all). VO_2max was inversely associated with EreC (r = -0.309, p = 0.01) but not with other bacteria. VO_2max also negatively correlated with fat% (r = -0.755, p < 0.001), triglycerides (r = -0.274, p = 0.021) and leptin (r = -0.574, p < 0.001). By contrast, EreC was positively associated with fat% (r = 0.382, p = 0.002), dietary fat intake (r = 0.258, p = 0.034), triglycerides (r = 0.390, p = 0.002) and leptin (r = 0.424, p = 0.001), but negatively with carbohydrate intake (r = -0.252, p = 0.034) and HDL (r = -0.26, p = 0.028). After adjusting for age and dietary intake, all the significant associations remained. However, after adjusting for fat%, the associations between VO_2max and EreC disappeared. Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with gut microbiota composition, independent of age and carbohydrate or fat intake. The association between VO_2max and EreC, however, appears to be mediated by body fatness.

Keywords: VO2max; body fatness; exercise; gut microbiota.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

**Figure 1**
The microbiota composition in different fitness groups. The error bars represent mean and standard deviation. The contrast estimates (p-values) by multivariable comparison with Sidak to localize the significant differences between the groups. * means p < 0.05. *Bif* = *Bifidobacterium*, *F.p* = *Faecalibacterim prausnitzii*, *Bacto* = *Bacteroides*, *Ent* = *Enterobacteria*, *EreC* = *Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides*.

**Figure 2**
The associations of *EreC* group with VO_2max, fat%, and energy yield (E%) nutrients. (a) EreC was inversely correlated with VO2max; (b) EreC was positively correlated with fat%; (c) EreC was inversely correlated with carbohydrate intake (E%); (d) EreC was positively correlated with fat intake (E%). Ln = log transferred values; *EreC* = *Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides*.

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The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women

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The Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Gut Microbiota Composition in Premenopausal Women

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