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Meta-Analysis
. 2017 Jul 31;7(7):CD010914.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010914.pub2.

Task-oriented interventions for children with developmental co-ordination disorder

Motohide Miyahara  1 , Susan L Hillier, Liz Pridham, Shinichi Nakagawa
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Task-oriented interventions for children with developmental co-ordination disorder

Motohide Miyahara et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is a common childhood disorder, which can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Children with DCD have difficulties in performing the essential motor tasks required for self-care, academic, social and recreational activities.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of task-oriented interventions on movement performance, psychosocial functions, activity, and participation for children with DCD and to examine differential intervention effects as a factor of age, sex, severity of DCD, intervention intensity, and type of intervention.

Search methods: In March 2017, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, 13 other databases, and five trials registers. We also searched reference lists, and contacted members of the mailing list of the International Conference on DCD to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that compared the task-oriented intervention with either an inactive control intervention or an active control intervention in children and adolescents aged four to 18 years with a diagnosis of DCD.Types of outcome measures included changes in motor function, as assessed by standardised performance outcome tests and questionnaires; adverse events; and measures of participation.

Data collection and analysis: All review authors participated in study selection, data extraction, and assessments of risk of bias and quality, and two review authors independently performed all tasks. Specifically, two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts to eliminate irrelevant studies, extracted data from the included studies, assessed risk of bias, and rated the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. In cases of ambiguity or information missing from the paper, one review author contacted trial authors.

Main results: This review included 15 studies (eight RCTs and seven quasi-RCTs). Study characteristicsThe trials included 649 participants of both sexes, ranging in age from five to 12 years.The participants were from Australia, Canada, China, Sweden, Taiwan, and the UK.Trials were conducted in hospital settings; at a university-based clinic, laboratory, or centre; in community centres; at home or school, or both at home and school.The durations of task-oriented interventions were mostly short term (less than six months), with the total number of sessions ranging from five to 50. The length of each session ranged from 30 to 90 minutes, and the frequencies ranged from once to seven times per week.We judged the risk of bias as moderate to high across the studies. Some elements were impossible to achieve (such as blinding of administering personnel or participants).

Key results: primary outcomesA meta-analysis of two RCTs and four quasi-RCTs found in favour of task-oriented interventions for improved motor performance compared to no intervention (mean difference (MD) -3.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.88 to -1.39; P = 0.002; I2 = 43%; 6 trials, 169 children; very low-quality evidence).A meta-analysis of two RCTs found no effect of task-oriented interventions for improved motor performance compared to no intervention (MD -2.34, 95% CI -7.50 to 2.83; P = 0.38; I2 = 42%; 2 trials, 51 children; low-quality evidence).Two studies reported no adverse effects or events. Through personal correspondence, the authors of nine studies indicated that no injuries had occurred.

Key results: secondary outcomesDue to the limited number of studies with complete and consistent data, we were unable to perform any meta-analyses on our secondary measures or any subgroup analysis on age, sex, severity of DCD, and intervention intensity.

Authors' conclusions: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. The conclusions drawn from previous reviews, which unanimously reported beneficial effects of intervention, are inconsistent with our conclusions. This review highlights the need for carefully designed and executed RCTs to investigate the effect of interventions for children with DCD.

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Conflict of interest statement

Motohide Miyahara (MM): none known.

Susan L Hillier (SLH) is an author of two included studies: Hillier 2010 and ACTRN12614000106639. SLH was not involved in assessing the risk of bias or the quality of the evidence from these studies. These tasks were performed by two independent review authors (MM and LP).

Liz Pridham (LP): none known.

Shinichi Nakagawa: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Random‐effects model, outcome: 1.1 Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC): Total score.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 3 Fixed model, outcome: 2.1 Movement Assessment Battery for Children Total.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Random‐effects model, Outcome 1 Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC): Total score.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Fixed‐effect model, Outcome 1 Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC): Total score.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

ACTRN12614000106639 {published and unpublished data}
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Au 2014 {published data only}
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Fong 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Fong SM. Effect of Taekwando Training on Sensori‐Motor Performance and Postural Control in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder [PhD thesis]. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2012.
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Fong 2016 {published data only}
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Green 2008 {published and unpublished data}
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Hillier 2010 {published and unpublished data}
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Hung 2010 {published data only}
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Miller 2001 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. H Polatajko. Reply to request for supplementary information [personal communication]. Email to: M Miyahara 4 May 2016.
    1. Miller LT, Polatajko HJ, Missiuna C, Mandich AD, Macnab JJ. A pilot trial of a cognitive treatment for children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science 2001;20(1‐2):183‐210. [PUBMED: 11471396] - PubMed
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Pless 2000b {published and unpublished data}
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Sugden 2003 {published and unpublished data}
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    1. Miyahara M. Request for supplementary information [personal communication]. Email to: D Sugden 2 February 2016.
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Thornton 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Miyahara M. Request for further details [personal communication]. Email to: A Thornton 16 May 2017.
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Tsai 2009 {published and unpublished data}
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Tsai 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Miyahara M. Request for supplementary data [personal communication]. Email to: C Tsai 3 May 2014.
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Wilson 2002 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Wilson 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Caçola 2015 {published data only}
    1. Caçola P, Romero M, Ibana M, Chuang J. Effects of two distinct group motor skill interventions in psychological and motor skills of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: a pilot study. Disability and Health Journal 2015;40(2):165‐75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.07.007; PUBMED: 26329699] - DOI - PubMed
De Milander 2015 {published and unpublished data}
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Ferguson 2013 {published data only}
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Hammond 2014 {published data only}
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Tsai 2014 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Farhat 2016 {published data only}
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    1. Miyahara M. Request for supplementary data [personal communication]. Email to: F Farhat 3 May 2017.

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