Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009377.pub3.
Haloperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Affiliations
- PMID: 28758203
- PMCID: PMC6483410
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009377.pub3
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Meta-Analysis
Haloperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
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Abstract
Background: Haloperidol used alone is recommended to help calm situations of aggression or agitation for people with psychosis. It is widely accessible and may be the only antipsychotic medication available in limited-resource areas.
Objectives: To examine whether haloperidol alone is an effective treatment for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation, wherein clinicians are required to intervene to prevent harm to self and others.
Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Study-Based Register of Trials (26th May 2016). This register is compiled by systematic searches of major resources (including AMED, BIOSIS CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and registries of clinical trials) and their monthly updates, handsearches, grey literature, and conference proceedings, with no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records into the register.
Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people exhibiting aggression and/or agitation thought to be due to psychosis, allocated rapid use of haloperidol alone (by any route), compared with any other treatment. Outcomes of interest included tranquillisation or asleep by 30 minutes, repeated need for rapid tranquillisation within 24 hours, specific behaviours (threat or injury to others/self), adverse effects. We included trials meeting our selection criteria and providing useable data.
Data collection and analysis: We independently inspected all citations from searches, identified relevant abstracts, and independently extracted data from all included studies. For binary data we calculated risk ratio (RR), for continuous data we calculated mean difference (MD), and for cognitive outcomes we derived standardised mean difference (SMD) effect sizes, all with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and using a fixed-effect model. We assessed risk of bias for the included studies and used the GRADE approach to produce 'Summary of findings' tables which included our pre-specified main outcomes of interest.
Main results: We found nine new RCTs from the 2016 update search, giving a total of 41 included studies and 24 comparisons. Few studies were undertaken in circumstances that reflect real-world practice, and, with notable exceptions, most were small and carried considerable risk of bias. Due to the large number of comparisons, we can only present a summary of main results.Compared with placebo, more people in the haloperidol group were asleep at two hours (2 RCTs, n=220, RR 0.88, 95%CI 0.82 to 0.95, very low-quality evidence) and experienced dystonia (2 RCTs, n=207, RR 7.49, 95%CI 0.93 to 60.21, very low-quality evidence).Compared with aripiprazole, people in the haloperidol group required fewer injections than those in the aripiprazole group (2 RCTs, n=473, RR 0.78, 95%CI 0.62 to 0.99, low-quality evidence). More people in the haloperidol group experienced dystonia (2 RCTs, n=477, RR 6.63, 95%CI 1.52 to 28.86, very low-quality evidence).Four trials (n=207) compared haloperidol with lorazepam with no significant differences with regard to number of participants asleep at one hour (1 RCT, n=60, RR 1.05, 95%CI 0.76 to 1.44, very low-quality of evidence) or those requiring additional injections (1 RCT, n=66, RR 1.14, 95%CI 0.91 to 1.43, very low-quality of evidence).Haloperidol's adverse effects were not offset by addition of lorazepam (e.g. dystonia 1 RCT, n=67, RR 8.25, 95%CI 0.46 to 147.45, very low-quality of evidence).Addition of promethazine was investigated in two trials (n=376). More people in the haloperidol group were not tranquil or asleep by 20 minutes (1 RCT, n=316, RR 1.60, 95%CI 1.18 to 2.16, moderate-quality evidence). Acute dystonia was too common in the haloperidol alone group for the trial to continue beyond the interim analysis (1 RCT, n=316, RR 19.48, 95%CI 1.14 to 331.92, low-quality evidence).
Authors' conclusions: Additional data from new studies does not alter previous conclusions of this review. If no other alternative exists, sole use of intramuscular haloperidol could be life-saving. Where additional drugs are available, sole use of haloperidol for extreme emergency could be considered unethical. Addition of the sedating promethazine has support from better-grade evidence from within randomised trials. Use of an alternative antipsychotic drug is only partially supported by fragmented and poor-grade evidence. Adding a benzodiazepine to haloperidol does not have strong evidence of benefit and carries risk of additional harm.After six decades of use for emergency rapid tranquillisation, this is still an area in need of good independent trials relevant to real-world practice.
Conflict of interest statement
Melanie J Powney ‐ none known.
Clive E Adams ‐ was a principle investigator on one trial included in this review (Huf 2007) .
Edoardo G Ostinelli ‐ none known.
Xue Li ‐ at the time of writing the review, Xue was employed by Systematic Review Solutions Ltd, a company that produces sytematic reviews.
Figures
Study flow diagram.
Study flow diagram.
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ asleep.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 2 Repeated need for tranquillisation.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ various measures.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 1c. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 6 Global outcome: 1. Not improved.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 7 Global outcome: 2. Need for benzodiazepine up to 24 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 8 Global outcome: 3a. Average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 9 Global outcome: 3b. Average scores ‐ ii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 10 Mental state: 1a. Average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 11 Mental state: 1b. Average scores ‐ ii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 1a. General.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 13 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 14 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal level.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ miscellaneous outcomes.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ QTc interval (average change at 24 hours).
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 17 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 18 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ movement disorders: i. average scores ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 19 Adverse effects: 2f. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 1 HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO/NIL, Outcome 20 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 1 Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation: needing additional injection.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ PANSS‐EC response up to 2 hours (at least 40% change on PANSS‐EC from baseline).
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ up to 2 hours.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 4 Global outcome: 1. Need for benzodiazepine.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 5 Global outcome: 2. Average scores ‐ up to 2 hours.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 6 Mental state: 1. Average scores ‐ up to 2 hours.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 1a. General.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal level.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ cardiac.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ gastrointestinal.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ movement disorder.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 13 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 2 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 14 Leaving the study early: 1. For specific reasons.
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ asleep.
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 2 Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation.
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 3 Global outcome: 1. Not improved.
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: any serious or specific adverse effects.
Comparison 3 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: b. CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 5 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep: 1. Not asleep.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 2 Tranquillisation or asleep: 2. Time to sleep.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 3 Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 4 Global outcome: 1. Need for benzodiazepine.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 1. General.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal level.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 4 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: c. DROPERIDOL, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not asleep up to 24 hours.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 2. Aggression ‐ various measures.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 3 Global outcome: 1. General ‐ no change ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 4 Global outcome: 2a. Specific ‐ not sedated ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 5 Global outcome: 2b. Specific ‐ not sedated ‐ ii. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 6 Mental state: 1. Average scores.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 1. General.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ anticholinergic.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ arousal level.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 13 Leaving the study early: 1. For general reasons.
Comparison 5 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE, Outcome 14 Leaving the study early: 2. Specific reasons.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ asleep.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 2 Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injection.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ various measures.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 1c. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 6 Specific behaviour: 1d. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 7 Specific behaviour: 1e. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iv. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 8 Specific behaviour: 2a. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 9 Specific behaviour: 2b. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 10 Specific behaviour: 2c. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 11 Specific behaviour: 3. Hostility.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 12 Global outcome: 1a. General ‐ need for additional measures.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 13 Global outcome: 1b. General ‐ time and doses.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 14 Global outcome: 1c. General ‐ average scores ‐ up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 15 Global outcome: 1d. General ‐ average scores ‐ over 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 16 Global outcome: 2a. Specific ‐ alert ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 17 Global outcome: 2b. Specific ‐ alert ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 18 Global outcome: 2c. Specific ‐ alert ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 19 Global outcome: 2d. Specific ‐ tranquil ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 20 Global outcome: 2e. Specific ‐ tranquil ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 21 Global outcome: 2f. Specific ‐ tranquil ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 22 Global outcome: 2g. Specific ‐ sedated ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 23 Global outcome: 2h. Specific ‐ sedated ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 24 Global outcome: 2i. Specific ‐ sedated ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 25 Global outcome: 2j. Specific ‐ asleep ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 26 Global outcome: 2k. Specific ‐ asleep ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 27 Global outcome: 2l. Specific ‐ asleep ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 28 Service use: 1. Average days to discharge.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 30 Mental state: 1. Various outcomes reported as 'adverse events'.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 31 Mental state: 2a. Average scores ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 32 Mental state: 2b. Average scores ‐ ii. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 33 Mental state: 2c. Average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 34 Mental state: 2d. Average scores ‐ iv. over 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 35 Adverse effects: 1a. General.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 36 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 37 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ anticholinergic.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 38 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ i. various.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 39 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 40 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ ii. average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 41 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ ii. average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 42 Adverse effects: 2f. Specific ‐ cardiovascular i. binary.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 43 Adverse effects: 2g. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ii. continuous.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 44 Adverse effects: 2h. Specific ‐ gastrointestinal.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 45 Adverse effects: 2i. Specific ‐ movement disorder ‐ i. various.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 46 Adverse effects: 2j. Specific ‐ movement disorder ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 48 Adverse effects: 2l. Specific ‐ movement disorder ‐ vi. average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 49 Adverse effects: 2m. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 6 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: e. OLANZAPINE, Outcome 50 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 7 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: f. PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 1 Global outcome: No improvement.
Comparison 7 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: f. PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 2 Adverse effects: 1. General.
Comparison 7 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: f. PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 3 Adverse effects: 2. Specific.
Comparison 7 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: f. PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 4 Leaving the study early: 1. Specific reasons.
Comparison 8 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: g. QUETIAPINE, Outcome 1 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 8 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: g. QUETIAPINE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. over 24 hours.
Comparison 8 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: g. QUETIAPINE, Outcome 3 Mental state: Average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 8 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: g. QUETIAPINE, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 1. General.
Comparison 8 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: g. QUETIAPINE, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 2. Specific ‐ movement disorder ‐ i. average scores.
Comparison 8 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: g. QUETIAPINE, Outcome 6 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 2 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ ii. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ various measures.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 2a. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 6 Specific behaviour: 2b. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 7 Global outcome: 1. Binary measures.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 8 Global outcome: 2. Continuous measures.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 1a. General ‐ one or more adverse effects.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ i. binary outcomes.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ ii. pulse rate ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 13 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ ii. pulse rate ‐ ii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 14 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ movement disorder ‐ i. binary outcomes.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 2f. Specific ‐ movement disorders ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 2g. Specific ‐ movement disorder ‐ ii. average scores ‐ ii. over 24 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 17 Adverse effects: 2h. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 18 Leaving the study early ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 9 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: h. RISPERIDONE, Outcome 19 Leaving the study early ‐ ii. over 24 hours.
Comparison 10 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: i. THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 1 Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation.
Comparison 10 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: i. THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1. Agitation ‐ rated as 'adverse effect'.
Comparison 10 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: i. THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 3 Global outcome.
Comparison 10 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: i. THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 1. General ‐ one or more adverse effects.
Comparison 10 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: i. THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 10 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: i. THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ others.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 1 Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ need for additional drugs for tranquillisation.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1c. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 1d. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iv. over 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 6 Specific behaviour: 2a. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 7 Specific behaviour: 2b. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 8 Specific behaviour: 2c. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 9 Global outcome: 1. General ‐ need for additional measures.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 10 Global outcome: 2. Average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 11 Mental state: 1a. Average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 12 Mental state: 1b. Average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 13 Mental state: 1c. Average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 14 Mental state: 1d. Average scores ‐ iv. over 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 1a. General ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ ii. over 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 17 Adverse effects: 1c. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 18 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ anticholinergic.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 19 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ i. various.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 20 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 21 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ ii. average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 22 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ ii. average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 23 Adverse effects: 2f. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 24 Adverse effects: 2g. Specific ‐ gastrointestinal.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 25 Adverse effects: 2h. Specific ‐ hematological tests.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 26 Adverse effects: 2i. Specific ‐ movement disorders ‐ i. binary measures.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 27 Adverse effects: 2j. Specific ‐ movement disorders ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 28 Adverse effects: 2k. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 29 Leaving the study early: 1. For any reason ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 11 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 30 Leaving the study early: 2. For specific reasons ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 12 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE, Outcome 1 Repeated need for tranquillisation: more than 3 injections.
Comparison 12 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE, Outcome 2 Adverse effects: 1a. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 12 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE, Outcome 3 Adverse effects: 1b. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 12 HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE, Outcome 4 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 13 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: a. FLUNITRAZEPAM, Outcome 1 Specific behaviour: 1. Aggression ‐ binary measures ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 13 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: a. FLUNITRAZEPAM, Outcome 2 Global outcome: 1. Need for seclusion or restraint.
Comparison 13 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: a. FLUNITRAZEPAM, Outcome 3 Adverse effects: 1. Specific ‐ movement disorders ‐ i. binary measures ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not asleep.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 2 Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 3 Global outcome: 1. No overall improvement.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1a. Average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 5 Mental state: 1b. Average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 1a. General.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ anticholinergic.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ arousal.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 14 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: b. LORAZEPAM, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ movement disorder.
Comparison 15 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 2 Global outcome: 1. Need for rescue drug.
Comparison 15 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 3 Adverse effects: 1. General ‐ one or more drug related adverse effect.
Comparison 15 HALOPERIDOL vs BENZODIAZEPINE: c. MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 2. Specific.
Comparison 16 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: a. HALOPERIDOL + LEVOMEPROMAZINE, Outcome 1 Global outcome: 1. No overall improvement.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ asleep.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 2 Repeated need for rapid tranquillisation.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 3 Global outcome: 1. No overall improvement.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 1. General.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ anticholinergic.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 17 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: b. HALOPERIDOL + LORAZEPAM, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 1 Repeated need for tranquillisation.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1c. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 2a. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 6 Specific behaviour: 2b. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 7 Specific behaviour: 2c. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 8 Global outcomes: 1. General ‐ need for additional measures.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ one or more adverse events.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 1a. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ i. various.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 13 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ ii. average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 14 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ iii. average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 18 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: c. HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 2f. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not tranquil or asleep ‐ i. by 30 minutes.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 2 Tranquillisation or asleep ‐ not tranquil or asleep ‐ ii. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 3 Repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ need for additional drugs for tranquillisation.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 6 Specific behaviour: 1c. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 7 Specific behaviour: 2a. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 8 Specific behaviour: 2b. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 9 Specific behaviour: 2c. Aggression ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 10 Specific behaviour: 2d. Aggression ‐ further aggressive episode ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 11 Global outcomes: 1. General ‐ need for additional measures.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 12 Global outcomes: 2. Specific.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 13 Adverse effects: 1a. General.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 14 Adverse effects: 1b. General ‐ serious.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ i. various.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ ii. average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 17 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ ii. average scores ‐ ii. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 18 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ ii. average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 19 Adverse effects: 2e. Specific ‐ cardiovascular.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 20 Adverse effects: 2f. Specific ‐ movement disorders.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 21 Service outcomes: 1. Not discharged by 14 days.
Comparison 19 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: d. HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE, Outcome 22 Leaving the study early.
Comparison 20 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: e. HALOPERIDOL + RISPERIDONE, Outcome 1 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 20 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: e. HALOPERIDOL + RISPERIDONE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. over 24 hours.
Comparison 20 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: e. HALOPERIDOL + RISPERIDONE, Outcome 3 Global outcome: No improvement.
Comparison 20 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: e. HALOPERIDOL + RISPERIDONE, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 1a. Specific ‐ arousal level ‐ i. various.
Comparison 20 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: e. HALOPERIDOL + RISPERIDONE, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 1b. Specific ‐ movement disorders ‐ i. various.
Comparison 20 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: e. HALOPERIDOL + RISPERIDONE, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 1c. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 21 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: f. OLANZAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE, Outcome 1 Specific behaviour: 1. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ over 24 hours.
Comparison 21 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: f. OLANZAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE, Outcome 2 Global outcome: No improvement.
Comparison 21 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: f. OLANZAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE, Outcome 3 Mental state: Average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 21 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: f. OLANZAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: General ‐ over 24 hours.
Comparison 22 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: g. QUETIAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE, Outcome 1 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ binary measures.
Comparison 22 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: g. QUETIAPINE + MAGNESIUM VALPROATE, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 1 Tranquillisation or asleep.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 2 hours.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 3 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 4 hours.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 4 Specific behaviour: 1c. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iii. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 5 Specific behaviour: 1d. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ iv. over 24 hours.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 6 Global outcome: No improvement.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 7 Mental state: 1. Average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 1. General.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 2a. Specific ‐ arousal ‐ i. various.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 2b. Specific ‐ cardiovascular ‐ i. various.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 2c. Specific ‐ movement disorders ‐ i. various.
Comparison 23 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: h. RISPERIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 2d. Specific ‐ miscellaneous.
Comparison 24 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: i. ZIPRASIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 1 Specific behaviour: 1a. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ i. up to 24 hours.
Comparison 24 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: i. ZIPRASIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 2 Specific behaviour: 1b. Agitation ‐ average scores ‐ ii. over 24 hours.
Comparison 24 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: i. ZIPRASIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 3 Global outcome: 1. Average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 24 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: i. ZIPRASIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. Average scores ‐ i. over 24 hours.
Comparison 24 HALOPERIDOL vs COMBINATIONS: i. ZIPRASIDONE + CLONAZEPAM, Outcome 5 Leaving the study early.
Update of
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Haloperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation).Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;11:CD009377. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009377.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 31;7:CD009377. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009377.pub3. PMID: 23152276 Updated.
References
References to studies included in this review
Bailine 1987 {published data only}
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Baldacara 2011 {published data only}
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Bristol Myers 2004a {published data only}
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Bristol‐Myers 2005b {published data only}
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Brook 2000 {published data only}
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- Brook S, Krams M, Gunn KP. Intramuscular ziprasidone versus intramuscular haloperidol. Proceedings of the 21st Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 1998 Jul 12‐16; Glasgow, UK 1998.
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Calver 2015 {published data only}
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Currier 2004 {published data only}
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Dorevitch 1999 {published data only}
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Eli Lilly 2004 {published data only}
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- Eli Lilly. Comparison of intramuscular olanzapine and intramuscular haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia. Eli Lilly and Company Clinical Trial Registry 2004.
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- NCT00485901. A double‐blind randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular olanzapine and intramuscular haloperidol in acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov 2007.
Fang 2012 {published data only}
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- Fang M, Chen H, Li LH, Wu R, Li Y, Liu L, et al. Comparison of risperidone oral solution and intramuscular haloperidol with the latter shifting to oral therapy for the treatment of acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2012; Vol. 27, issue 2:107‐13. - PubMed
Fitzgerald 1969 {published data only}
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- Fitzgerald CH. A double‐blind comparison of haloperidol with perphenazine in acute psychiatric episodes. Current Therapeutic Research 1969;11(8):515‐9. - PubMed
Foster 1997 {published data only}
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- Foster S, Kessel J, Berman ME, Simpson GM. Efficacy of lorazepam and haloperidol for rapid tranquilization in a psychiatric emergency room setting. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;12(3):175‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fruensgaard 1977 {published data only}
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- Fruensgaard K, Korsgaard S, Jorgensen H, Jensen K. Loxapine versus haloperidol parenterally in acute psychosis with agitation. A double‐blind study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1977;56(4):256‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Garza‐Trevino 1989 {published data only}
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- Garza‐Trevino ES, Hollister LE, Overall JE, Alexander WF. Efficacy of combinations of intramuscular antipsychotics and sedative‐hypnotics for control of psychotic agitation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989;146(12):1598‐601. - PubMed
Guo 2007 {published data only}
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- Guo C‐R. Study of quetiapine combined with magnesium valproate release tablets in treatment of schizophrenia with symptoms of elation and agitation [奎硫平合并丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗精神分裂症兴奋激越研究]. Linchuang Jingshen Yixue Zazhi [临床精神医学杂志] 2007;17(3):183‐4.
Higashima 2004 {published data only}
-
- Higashima M, Takeda T, Nagasawa T, Hirao N, Oka T, Nakamura M, et al. Combined therapy with low‐potency neuroleptic levomepromazine as an adjunct to haloperidol for agitated patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. European Psychiatry 2004;19(6):380‐1. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Huf 2007 {published data only}
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- Barbui C. Intramuscular haloperidol plus promethazine is more effective and safer than haloperidol alone for rapid tranquillisation of agitated mentally ill patients. Evidence‐Based Mental Health 2008;11(3):86‐7. - PubMed
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- Huf G. Haloperidol plus promethazine versus haloperidol for psychosis induced aggression. Data on file 2004.
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- Huf G, Coutinho ESF, Adams CE. The pharmacological management of agitated patients in emergency psychiatric hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the results of two pragmatic randomized clinical trials. Proceedings of the 5th European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry; 2007 Oct 25‐27; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2007.
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- ISRCTN83261243. TREC2 ‐ Rapid tranquillisation for agitated patients in emergency psychiatric rooms in Rio de Janeiro. A randomised trial of intramuscular haloperidol versus intramuscular haloperidol + promethazine. http://www.controlled‐trials.com 2005.
Kewala 1984 {published data only}
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- Kewala S, Ban TA, Berney SA, Wilson WH. Rapid tranquilization: A comparative study of thiothixene and haloperidol. Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1984;8:77‐83. - PubMed
Kinon 2001d {published data only}
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- Kinon B, Rotelli MD, Gilmore JA. Efficacy of olanzapine and adjunctive lorazepam to control agitation in schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;5(Suppl 1):S128.
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- Kinon BJ, Ahl J, Rotelli MD, McMullen E. Efficacy of accelerated dose titration of olanzapine with adjunctive lorazepam to treat acute agitation in schizophrenia. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2004;22(3):181‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Kinon BJ, Wang L, Rotelli MD, Gilmore JA. The efficacy of olanzapine plus adjunctive lorazepam to control acute agitation in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;11(3):278.
Li 2006 {published data only}
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- Li L‐H, Zhao J‐P, Xu X‐F. A comparative study of intramuscular ziprasidone and haloperidol in treating acute agitation in schizophrenia [国产齐拉西酮与氟哌啶醇注射液治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状的对照研究]. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry 2006;39(4):216‐9.
Liang 2013 {published data only}
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- Liang Y, Su Y, Huang J, Tang M, Li K, Yang F, et al. Effect of quetiapine and haloperidol on QTc interval in treating schizophrenic patients with excitement and agitation [喹硫平和氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期兴奋激越对QTc间期的影响]. Chinese New Drugs Journal [Zhongguo Xin Yao Za Zhi; 中国新药杂志] 2013; Vol. 22, issue 16:1886‐9+1894.
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- Liang Y, Su Y, Huang J, Tang M, Li K, Yang P, et al. A randomized controlled study of effect and safety of quetiapine and haloperidol in treatment of schizophrenic patients with excitement and agitation [喹硫平和氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期兴奋激越的多中心随机对照研究]. Chinese Mental Health Journal [Zhongguo Xin Li Wei Sheng Za Zhi; 中国心理卫生杂志] 2013; Vol. 27, issue 4:262‐7.
Lim 2010 {published data only}
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- Kim JJ, Lim HK, Lee CU, Lee C, Pae CU, Paik IH. Risperidone orodispersible tablet and intramuscular haloperidol in treatment of acute psychotic agitation. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;17(Suppl 4):S467. - PubMed
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- Lim HK, Kim JJ, Pae CU, Lee CU, Lee C, Paik IH. Comparison of risperidone orodispersible tablet and intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychotic agitation: A randomized open, prospective study. Neuropsychobiology 2010;62(2):81‐6. [ISI: 000280037400001] - PubMed
Liu 2012 {published data only}
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- 刘锟, 刘云, 宁南义, 孙建中, 孙亚军, 孙同勋, et al. Consolidation of short‐term risperidone intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia randomized controlled study of the efficacy of behavior [Google Translate] [利培酮合并短期肌注氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期激越行为疗效的随机对照研究]. 中国医药导报 2012, issue 35:104‐6.
Man 1973 {published data only}
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- Man‐Pang L, Chen CH. Rapid tranquilization of acutely psychotic patients with intramuscular haloperidol and chlorpromazine. Psychosomatics 1973;14(1):59‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nobay 2004 {published data only}
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- Nobay F, Simon BC, Levitt MA, Dresden GM. A prospective, double‐blind, randomized trial of midazolam versus haloperidol versus lorazepam in the chemical restraint of violent and severely agitated patients. Academic Emergency Medicine 2004;11(7):744‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Paprocki 1977 {published data only}
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- Paprocki J, Versiani M. A double‐blind comparison between loxapine and haloperidol by parenteral route in acute schizophrenia. Current Therapeutic Research 1977;21(1):80‐100. - PubMed
Reschke 1974 {published data only}
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- Reshke RW. Parenteral haloperidol for rapid control of severe, disruptive symptoms of acute schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nervous System 1974;35:112‐5. - PubMed
Resnick 1984 {published data only}
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- Resnick M, Burton BT. Droperidol vs. haloperidol in the initial management of acutely agitated patients. Journal of Clinical Psychological Medicine [临床精神医学杂志] 1984;45(7):298‐9. - PubMed
Ritter 1972 {published data only}
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- Ritter RM, Davidson DE, Robinson TA. Comparison of injectable haloperidol and chlorpromazine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1972;129(1):78‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Salzman 1991 {published data only}
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- Salzman C, Solomon D, Miyawaki E, Glassman R, Rood L. Parenteral lorazepam versus parenteral haloperidol for the control of psychotic disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1991;52(4):177‐80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shi 2010 {published data only}
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- Shi Y, Dai T, Yi P. olanzapine combined magnesium valproate sustained‐release tablets in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute agitation excited [Google Translate] [奥氮平合并丙戊酸镁缓释片治疗精神分裂症急性期兴奋激越研究]. Modern Practical Medicine 2010; Vol. 22, issue 4:398‐9.
Shu 2010 {published data only}
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- NCT00723606. A randomized, open‐label, multi‐center study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intramuscular ziprasidone in patients with agitation. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov 2008.
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- Pfizer. A randomized, open label, rater blind, flexible dose multi‐center study comparing the efficacy and safety of intramuscular ziprasidone with haloperidol for three days in patients with agitation of schizophrenia. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/documents/company‐study_10505_0.pdf (accessed 13 June 2011).
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- Shu L, Zhang H, Wang G, Zhao J, Xie S, Xu X, et al. Intramuscular ziprasidone has improved tolerability over haloperidol and comparable efficacy for control of agitation in schizophrenia in Chinese patients. Schizophrenia Research 2010;117(2‐3):260.
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- Zhang H, Wang G, Zhao J, Xie S, Xu X, Shi J, et al. Intramuscular ziprasidone versus haloperidol for managing agitation in Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2013; Vol. 33, issue 2:178‐85. - PubMed
Stotsky 1977 {published data only}
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- Stotsky BA. Relative efficacy of parenteral haloperidol and thiothixene for the emergency treatment of acutely excited and agitated patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 1977;38(12):967‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Taymeeyapradit 2002 {published data only}
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- Taymeeyapradit U, Kuasirikul S. Comparative study of the effectiveness of zuclopenthixol acetate and haloperidol in acutely disturbed psychotic patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2002;85(12):1301‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tuason 1986 {published data only}
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- Tuason VB. A comparison of parenteral loxapine and haloperidol in hostile and aggressive acutely schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(3):126‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Walther 2014 {published data only}
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- Walther S, Moggi F, Horn H, Moskvitin K, Abderhalden C, Maier N, et al. Rapid tranquilization of severely agitated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a naturalistic, rater‐blinded, randomized, controlled study with oral haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2014; Vol. 34, issue 1:124‐8. - PubMed
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- Walther S, Moggi F, Horn H, Moskvitin K, Maier N, Abderhalden C, et al. Rapid tranquilization of severely agitated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A naturalistic, rater‐blinded, randomized controlled study with oral haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine. PharmacoPsychiatry 2013; Vol. 46, issue 6:A77. - PubMed
Yin 2012 {published data only}
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- 尹析凡, 王刚. 齐拉西酮注射液治疗精神分裂症激越症状的研究. 中国当代医药 2012; Vol. 30:9‐11.
Zhou 2014 {published data only}
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- 周升宝, 孙晓丹, 庞琦, 李志梅, 赵继舒, 张峰. 齐拉西酮联合氯硝西泮治疗精神分裂症急性期兴奋激越症状对照研究. 临床心身疾病杂志 2014; Vol. 20, issue 2:17‐20.
References to studies excluded from this review
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Brook 1998 {published data only}
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Campbell 1982 {published data only}
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Chen 2004 {published data only}
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- Chen M‐F, Liu D‐X, Lin J‐Z. The comparison study on curing agitation by haloperidol and chlorpromazine venoclysis [氟哌啶醇与氯丙嗪静滴治疗急性激越的对照研究]. Medical Journal of Chinese Civil Administration 2004;16(10):599.
Chen 2008 {published data only}
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- Chen J, Yang X, Song A, Gu X, Ma X. Intramuscular ziprasidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of acute agitation in schizophrenia [齐拉西酮注射液与氟哌啶醇注射液治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状的对比研究]. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry [上海精神医学] [上海精神醫學] 2008;20(6):363‐6.
Chouinard 1991 {published data only}
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- Chouinard G, Annable L, Turnier L, Holobow N, Szkrumelak N. A double‐blind randomized clinical trial of rapid tranquilization with IM clonazepam and IM haloperidol in agitated psychotic patients with manic symptoms. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry [Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie] 1993;38(Suppl 4):S114‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Chouinard G, Safadi G, Beauclair L. The management of acutely schizophrenic patients newly admitted from the emergency room: A double‐blind clinical trial comparing zuclopenthixol acetate and liquid haloperidol. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; 1991 Jun 9‐14; Florence, Italy. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 1991:35‐43.
Citrome 2001 {published data only}
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- Citrome L, Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman B, Lindenmayer J‐P, McEvoy J, et al. Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 2001;52(11):1510‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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- Citrome LL, Volavka J, Czobor P, Nolan K, Lieberman JA, Lindenmayer J‐P, et al. Overt aggression and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol. Proceedings of the 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2003 May 17‐22; San Francisco, California, USA. 2003.
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- Citrome LL, Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman BB, Lindenmayer J‐P, McEvoy JP, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and hostility in schizophrenia: A double‐blind study. Proceedings of the 154th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2001 May 5‐10; New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. 2001.
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- Citrome LL, Volavka J, Czobor P, Sheitman BB, Lindenmayer J‐P, McEvoy JP, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and hostility in schizophrenia: A double‐blind study. Proceedings of the 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2002 May 18‐23; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 2002.
Colonna 1998 {published data only}
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- Colonna L, Martin P, Gerard D. Long‐term study of the effectiveness and tolerance of amisulpride versus haloperidol [Etude à long terme de L'efficacité et de la tolérance à l'amisulpride versus haloperidol]. Proceedings of the 96th Congres de Psychiatrie et de Neurologie de Langue Francaise; 1998 May 10‐15; Saint Paul, France. 1998.
Conde 2011 {published data only}
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- Conde BL, Sobreveg EE, Sionzon MP. A randomized trial of oral risperidone versus intramuscular haloperidol in the emergency treatment of acute psychotic agitation. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry 2011; Vol. 12, issue 1:29‐36.
Crandall 2005 {published data only}
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Currier 2000 {published data only}
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Daniel 2000 {published data only}
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Daniel 2003 {published data only}
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Daniel 2004 {published data only}
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Fan 2012 {published data only}
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- 樊凌姿, 曹立新. 氯普噻吨注射液与氟哌啶醇注射液治疗精神分裂症兴奋激越对照研究. 中外健康文摘 2012; Vol. 40:31‐2.
Faretra 1970 {published data only}
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Goldstein 1966 {published data only}
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Harvey 2004 {published data only}
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Huang 2004 {published data only}
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Jiang 2009 {published data only}
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Jones 2001 {published data only}
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Kane 2000 {published data only}
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Kinon 2001a {published data only}
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- Eli Lilly. Beasley 1996a ‐ olz vs placebo vs hpl (N America) (as supplied 2004). Data on file 2001.
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- Eli Lilly. Beasley 1997 ‐ olz vs hpl (international) (as supplied 2004). Data on file 2001.
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- Eli Lilly. Tollefson 1997 ‐ olz vs hpl (as supplied 2004). Data on file 2001.
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Kinon 2003 {published data only}
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Krakowski 2006 {published data only}
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Krakowski 2008 {published data only}
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- Krakowski M, Czobor P. A prospective longitudinal study of cholesterol and aggression in patients randomized to clozaplne, olanzapine and haloperidol. Proceedings of the 15th Biennial Winter Workshop in Psychoses; 2009 Nov 15‐18; Barcelona, Spain. 2009. - PubMed
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Lewis 2006 {published data only}
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- Lewis CF. Haloperidol versus risperidone in the treatment of aggressive psychotic male inmates. Proceedings of the 159th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2006 May 20‐25; Toronto, Canada. 2006.
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Li 2005 {published data only}
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Wang 2007 {published data only}
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Zhang 2012 {published data only}
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- 张庆娥, 王刚, 张玲, 王雪, 罗炯, 路亚洲, et al. Control study of acute agitation in schizophrenia risperidone oral solution merger clonazepam tablets treatment [Google Translate] [利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片治疗精神分裂症急性激越的对照研究]. 中华医学会第十次全国精神医学学术会议 2012; Vol. 22, issue 02:89‐91.
叶萌, 2009 {published data only}
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周德祥, 2012 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies
NCT00838032 2009 {published data only}
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