Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2017 Mar 14;10(3):290.
doi: 10.3390/ma10030290.

Investigation of Quasi-Static Indentation Response of Inkjet Printed Sandwich Structures under Various Indenter Geometries

Vishwesh Dikshit  1 , Arun Prasanth Nagalingam  2 , Yee Ling Yap  3 , Swee Leong Sing  4 , Wai Yee Yeong  5 , Jun Wei  6
Affiliations

Investigation of Quasi-Static Indentation Response of Inkjet Printed Sandwich Structures under Various Indenter Geometries

Vishwesh Dikshit et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The objective of this investigation was to determine the quasi-static indentation response and failure mode in three-dimensional (3D) printed trapezoidal core structures, and to characterize the energy absorbed by the structures. In this work, the trapezoidal sandwich structure was designed in the following two ways. Firstly, the trapezoidal core along with its facesheet was 3D printed as a single element comprising a single material for both core and facesheet (type A); Secondly, the trapezoidal core along with facesheet was 3D printed, but with variation in facesheet materials (type B). Quasi-static indentation was carried out using three different indenters, namely standard hemispherical, conical, and flat indenters. Acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to capture brittle cracking in the specimens during indentation. The major failure modes were found to be brittle failure and quasi-brittle fractures. The measured indentation energy was at a maximum when using a conical indenter at 9.40 J and 9.66 J and was at a minimum when using a hemispherical indenter at 6.87 J and 8.82 J for type A and type B series specimens respectively. The observed maximum indenter displacements at failure were the effect of material variations and composite configurations in the facesheet.

Keywords: additive manufacturing; brittle fracture; cracks; damage; energy absorption; failure mechanism; quasi-static indentation; sandwich structure; three-dimensional (3D) printing.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Type A series specimen; (b) type B series specimen; and (c) sandwich panel nomenclature.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) 3D printed specimen with VisiJet® CR-WT white rigid acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-like material for core and facesheet; and (b) 3D printed specimen facesheet with three layers; Layer 1-VisiJet® CR-WT, Layer 2-VisiJet® Layer 2-RWT-FBK 400, and Layer 3-VisiJet® CR-WT materials respectively.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Various indenters used for indentation experiment; and (b) geometrical dimension of indenters 1–Hemispherical indenter, 2–Conical indenter, 3–Flat faced indenter.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Machine setup-SHIMADZU AG-X up to 10 kN, along with acoustic emission sensors.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Experimental plan.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Comparison of the force-displacement curve of A-Hemi and B-Hemi specimens.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Average force-time curve for A-Hemi series with recorded acoustic emission (AE) pattern.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Observed damage modes of out-of-plane loading of A-Hemi series specimens.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Average force-time curve for B-Hemi series with recorded AE pattern.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Observed damage modes of out-of-plane loading of B-Hemi series specimens.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Comparison of force-displacement curve of A-Coni and B-Coni specimens.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Average force-time curve for A-Coni series with recorded AE pattern.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Observed damage modes of out-of-plane loading of A-Coni series specimens.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Average force-time curve for B-Coni series with recorded AE pattern.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Observed damage modes of out-of-plane loading of B-Coni series specimens.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Comparison of force-displacement curve of A-Flat and B-Flat specimens.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Average force-time curve for A-Flat series with recorded AE pattern.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Observed damage modes of out-of-plane loading of A-Flat series specimens.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Average force-time curve for B-Flat series with recorded AE pattern.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Observed damage modes of out-of-plane loading of B-Flat series specimens.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Sun D., Zhang W., Zhao Y., Li G., Xing Y., Gong G. In-plane crushing and energy absorption performance of multi-layer regularly arranged circular honeycombs. Compos. Struct. 2013;96:726–735. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.10.008. - DOI
    1. Nagasankar P., Balasivanandha Prabu S., Velmurugan R. Role of different fiber orientations and thicknesses of the skins and the core on the transverse shear damping of polypropylene honeycomb sandwich structures. Mech. Mater. 2015;91:252–261. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.08.002. - DOI
    1. Han B., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Q.-C., Zhang Q., Lu T.J., Lu B.-H. Recent advances in hybrid lattice-cored sandwiches for enhanced multifunctional performance. Extreme Mech. Lett. 2017;10:58–69. doi: 10.1016/j.eml.2016.11.009. - DOI
    1. Fathers R.K., Gattas J.M., You Z. Quasi-static crushing of eggbox, cube, and modified cube foldcore sandwich structures. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 2015;101–102:421–428. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.08.013. - DOI
    1. Norouzi H., Rostamiyan Y. Experimental and numerical study of flatwise compression behavior of carbon fiber composite sandwich panels with new lattice cores. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015;100:22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.046. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources