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. 2017 Mar 28;10(4):353.
doi: 10.3390/ma10040353.

The Relationship between the Mechanism of Zinc Oxide Crystallization and Its Antimicrobial Properties for the Surface Modification of Surgical Meshes

Marta Fiedot  1 , Irena Maliszewska  2 , Olga Rac-Rumijowska  3 , Patrycja Suchorska-Woźniak  4 , Agnieszka Lewińska  5 , Helena Teterycz  6
Affiliations

The Relationship between the Mechanism of Zinc Oxide Crystallization and Its Antimicrobial Properties for the Surface Modification of Surgical Meshes

Marta Fiedot et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Surgical meshes were modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) using a chemical bath deposition method (CBD) at 50 °C, 70 °C, or 90 °C, in order to biologically activate them. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mass changes, and X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that at low temperatures Zn(OH)₂ was formed, and that this was converted into ZnO with a temperature increase. The antimicrobial activity without light stimulation of the ZnO modified Mersilene™ meshes was related to the species of microorganism, the incubation time, and the conditions of the experiment. Generally, cocci (S. aureus, S. epidermidis) and yeast (C. albicans) were more sensitive than Gram-negative rods (E. coli). The differences in sensitivity of the studied microorganisms to ZnO were discussed. The most active sample was that obtained at 90 °C. The mechanism of antimicrobial action of ZnO was determined by various techniques, such as zeta potential analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, SEM studies, and measurements of Zn(II) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. Our results confirmed that the generation of free radicals was crucial, which occurs on the surface of crystalline ZnO.

Keywords: antimicrobial properties; crystallization; free radicals; surgical mesh; zinc oxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of meshes: (a) pure; (b) 50 °C; (c) 70 °C; (d) 90 °C.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Diffractograms of layers deposited on the polyester meshes at different temperatures.
Figure 3
Figure 3
W-H curve for the sample modified at w 90 °C.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schema of zinc oxide growth on a mesh surface.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The agar diffusion tests of (a) S. epidermidis (b) E. coli.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Oxidation of albumin (HSA) in the presence of ZnO-deposited Mersilene™ made at 50°C, 70 °C, and 90 °C after: (a) 5 h; (b) 24 h.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Fluorescence spectra of hydroxyl terephtalic acid in the presence of ZnO-deposited Mersilene™. The experiment was carried out: (a) in Nutrient Broth; (b) physiological saline solution.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Experimental and simulation EPR spectra of the •DMPO-OH spin adduct of mesh sample made at 90 °C (* nitroxyl radical generated by the oxidation of DMPO).
Figure 9
Figure 9
EPR spectra of mesh sample made at 70 °C in the dark.
Figure 10
Figure 10
SEM micrographs of: (a) untreated S. aureus; (b) S. aureus after ZnO treatment; (c) untreated S. epidermidis; (d) S. epidermidis after ZnO treatment; (e) untreated E. coli; (f) E. coli after ZnO treatment; (g) untreated C. albicans; (h) and C. albicans after ZnO.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Schema of antimicrobial activity of ZnO.
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