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. 2017 Jul 17;10(7):812.
doi: 10.3390/ma10070812.

Hydrothermal Sterilization Improves Initial Osteoblast Responses on Sandpaper-Polished Titanium

Xingling Shi  1 , Lingli Xu  2 , Qingliang Wang  3 ; Sunarso  4 ; Lin Xu  5
Affiliations

Hydrothermal Sterilization Improves Initial Osteoblast Responses on Sandpaper-Polished Titanium

Xingling Shi et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Hydrocarbon contamination accumulated on titanium (Ti) implant surfaces during storage and sterilization is unavoidable and difficult to remove. It impairs the bioactivity of implants, restricts initial interactions between implants and the surrounding biological environment, and has become a common challenge for Ti implants. To overcome this problem, sterilization was considered as the final surface modification and a novel method, hydrothermal sterilization (HS), was proposed. Briefly, stored sandpaper-polished Ti specimens were sterilized in a glass container with pure water at 121 °C for 20 min and kept in the same water until utilization. As a control, another group of specimens was sterilized with conventional autoclaving (AC) at 121 °C for 20 min and stored in sterilization pouches after being dried at 60 °C. Compared with AC, HS deposited numerous nano-sized particles on the substrates, reduced the atomic percentage of the surface carbon, and transformed the Ti surface to a super hydrophilic status. HS also increased the attachment rate, spread, proliferation, and the mineralized nodule areas of rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts. These results suggest that HS enhances the bioactivity of Ti implants for osteoblasts, and that this biofunctionalization was attributed to nanostructure construction, hydrophilic conversion, and the effective removal of hydrocarbons. Hydrothermal sterilization is proposed to be used as a universal sterilization method for all kinds of titanium implants without apatite coating.

Keywords: hydrothermal; osteoblast; sterilization; surface contamination; titanium implant.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Surface morphology of (a) Control; (b) Autoclaving (AC); (c) Hydrothermal sterilization (HS); (d–f), magnified (a–c), respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey scans (a) and C1s scans (b) of different specimens.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Water contact angles on different specimens.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes of contact angle on specimens stored under different conditions.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cell attachment ratio on different specimens 3 h after seeding. * Significantly different compared with PS; ** Significantly different compared with AC.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Morphologies of cells on (a) AC; (b) HS specimens 3 h after seeding.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cell proliferative activity of osteoblasts on different specimens. * Significantly different compared with AC.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Alkaline phosphatase activities of cells on AC and HS specimens after seven and 14 days of culture. * Significantly different compared with AC.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Osteoblast mineralization on (a) AC and (b) HS specimens.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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