. 2017 Jul 27;10(8):859.

doi: 10.3390/ma10080859.

Er-Doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Cathode Material with Enhanced Cycling Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Shanshan Liu¹, Hongyuan Zhao², Ming Tan³, Youzuo Hu⁴, Xiaohui Shu⁵, Meiling Zhang⁶, Bing Chen^{7

8}, Xingquan Liu⁹

Affiliations

¹ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. shanshannay@163.com.
² R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. hongyuanzhao@126.com.
³ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. mingtan_kilu@126.com.
⁴ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. huyouzuo@126.com.
⁵ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. shu_xh2016@163.com.
⁶ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. zhangmeiling199310@163.com.
⁷ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. bchenuestc@126.com.
⁸ Xinyun Electronic Comp. & Dev. Co. Ltd, China Zhenhua Group, Guiyang 550018, China. bchenuestc@126.com.
⁹ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. Lxquan@uestc.edu.cn.

PMID: 28773224
PMCID: PMC5578225
DOI: 10.3390/ma10080859

Er-Doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Cathode Material with Enhanced Cycling Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Shanshan Liu et al. Materials (Basel). 2017.

. 2017 Jul 27;10(8):859.

doi: 10.3390/ma10080859.

Authors

Shanshan Liu¹, Hongyuan Zhao², Ming Tan³, Youzuo Hu⁴, Xiaohui Shu⁵, Meiling Zhang⁶, Bing Chen^{7

8}, Xingquan Liu⁹

Affiliations

¹ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. shanshannay@163.com.
² R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. hongyuanzhao@126.com.
³ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. mingtan_kilu@126.com.
⁴ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. huyouzuo@126.com.
⁵ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. shu_xh2016@163.com.
⁶ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. zhangmeiling199310@163.com.
⁷ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. bchenuestc@126.com.
⁸ Xinyun Electronic Comp. & Dev. Co. Ltd, China Zhenhua Group, Guiyang 550018, China. bchenuestc@126.com.
⁹ R&D Center for New Energy Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China. Lxquan@uestc.edu.cn.

PMID: 28773224
PMCID: PMC5578225
DOI: 10.3390/ma10080859

Abstract

The Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LiNi_0.495Mn_1.495Er_0.01O₄) sample was successfully prepared by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method with erbium oxide as an erbium source for the first time. Compared with the undoped sample, the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ sample maintained the basic spinel structure, suggesting that the substitution of Er³⁺ ions for partial nickel and manganese ions did not change the intrinsic structure of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄. Moreover, the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ sample showed better size distribution and regular octahedral morphology. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the Er-doping could have a positive impact on the electrochemical properties. When cycled at 0.5 C, the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ sample exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 120.6 mAh·g^-1, and the capacity retention of this sample reached up to 92.9% after 100 cycles. As the charge/discharge rate restored from 2.0 C to 0.2 C, the discharge capacity of this sample still exhibited 123.7 mAh·g^-1 with excellent recovery rate. Since the bonding energy of Er-O (615 kJ·mol^-1) was higher than that of Mn-O (402 kJ·mol ^-1) and Ni-O (392 kJ·mol^-1), these outstanding performance could be attributed to the increased structure stability as well as the reduced aggregation behavior and small charge transfer resistance of the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄.

Keywords: Er-doping; LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4; Lithium-ion battery; citric acid-assisted sol-gel method; cycling stability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
XRD patterns of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (a) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (b).

**Figure 2**
SEM images of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (a) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (b).

**Figure 3**
Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) patterns of the undoped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (a) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (b) sample (The inset in Figure 3a,b is corresponding EDS data); (c–f) Elemental mapping images of Ni, Mn, Er, and O elements in the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ sample.

**Figure 4**
Representative charge/discharge curves of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (a) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (b); cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (c) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.₅O₄ (d).

**Figure 5**
(a) Long cycling performance and (b) coulombic efficiency of the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ at 0.5 C.

**Figure 6**
Representative discharge curves of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (a) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (b) at different rates; (c) rate capability of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄; (d) cycling stability of the Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ at 2.0 C.

**Figure 7**
Cycling performance of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ at 55 °C.

**Figure 8**
Representative discharge curves of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (a) and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (b) at 55 °C.

**Figure 9**
Cyclic voltammograms of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ in the range of 3.5–4.9 V.

**Figure 10**
Nyquist plots of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and Er-doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ before cycles (the insert is the equivalent circuit model of EIS).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Er-Doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Cathode Material with Enhanced Cycling Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Affiliations

Er-Doped LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Cathode Material with Enhanced Cycling Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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