Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2017 Oct;158(10):1992-2000.
doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000999.

Longitudinal change in parent and child functioning after internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain

Emily F Law  1   2 , Emma Fisher  2 , Waylon J Howard  2 , Rona Levy  3 , Lee Ritterband  4 , Tonya M Palermo  1   2
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Longitudinal change in parent and child functioning after internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain

Emily F Law et al. Pain. 2017 Oct.

Abstract

Theoretical models of pediatric chronic pain propose longitudinal associations between children's pain experiences and parent and family factors. A large body of cross-sectional research supports these models, demonstrating that greater parent distress and maladaptive parenting behaviors are associated with greater child disability. Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions have been developed for youth with chronic pain which aim to improve child disability and reduce maladaptive parenting behaviors. However, little is known about temporal, longitudinal associations between parent and child functioning in this population. In the present study, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from 138 families of youth with chronic pain aged 11 to 17 years old who received family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy delivered through the Internet as part of a randomized controlled trial. Measures of child disability, parent protective behavior, and parent distress were obtained at pretreatment, immediate posttreatment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up. Latent growth modeling indicated that child disability, parent protective behavior, and parent distress improved with treatment over the 12-month study period. Latent growth modeling for parallel processes indicated that higher parent distress at pretreatment predicted less improvement in child disability over 12 months. No other predictive paths between parent and child functioning were significant. These findings indicate that parent distress may increase the risk of poor response to psychological pain treatment among youth with chronic pain. At present, parent distress is not routinely targeted in psychological interventions for pediatric chronic pain. Research is needed to determine optimal strategies for targeting parent and family factors in the treatment of pediatric chronic pain.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Parallel Process LGM. Note. Not all paths are displayed for clarity of presentation. Bolded predictive paths are significant at the .05 level.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Model implied change in child disability.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Model implied change in parent protective behavior.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Model implied change in parent distress.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bentler PM, Bonett DG. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin. 1980;88(3):588.
    1. Bentler PM. Comparitive fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin. 1990;107:238. - PubMed
    1. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press; 2012.
    1. Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling. 2007;14:464.
    1. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 2002;9(2):233–255.

Publication types