Phenotypic and familial associations between childhood maltreatment and cannabis initiation and problems in young adult European-American and African-American women

Abstract

Background: Childhood maltreatment is a known risk factor for cannabis initiation and problem use, but the extent to which this association is attributable to shared familial influences is unknown. We estimate the magnitude of associations between childhood maltreatment, timing of cannabis initiation, and cannabis-related problems, in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) women, and parse the relative influence of additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and individual-specific environmental (E) factors on these constructs and their covariation.

Methods: Data were from diagnostic telephone interviews conducted with 3786 participants (14.6% AA) in a population-based study of female twins. Logistic regression analyses and twin modeling were used to test for associations, and estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to childhood maltreatment and cannabis outcomes and their covariation.

Results: Maltreatment was significantly associated with increased likelihood of cannabis initiation before age 15 among EAs (OR=6.33) and AAs (OR=3.93), but with increased likelihood of later initiation among EAs only (OR=1.68). Maltreatment was associated with cannabis problems among both groups (EA OR=2.32; AA OR=2.03). Among EA women, the covariation between maltreatment and cannabis outcomes was primarily attributable to familial environment (rC=0.67-0.70); among AAs, only individual-specific environment contributed (rE=0.37-0.40).

Conclusion: Childhood maltreatment is a major contributor to early initiation of cannabis as well as progression to cannabis problems in both AA and EA women. Distinctions by race/ethnicity are not in the relative contribution of genetic factors, but rather in the type of environmental influences that contribute to stages of cannabis involvement.

Keywords: Cannabis initiation; Cannabis problems; Childhood maltreatment; Heritability; Race/ethnicity; Twins.

Figure 1

A=additive genetics, C=shared environment, E=individual-specific environment (including error). Single-headed arrows indicate proportions of variance for a measure; curved double-headed arrows indicate correlations between measures. All paths significant at p<0.05. a: Final trivariate genetic model examining the proportions of variance for and the genetic and environmental correlations between childhood maltreatment, timing of cannabis initiation, and cannabis problems in a sample of European-American young adult female twins. b: Final trivariate genetic model examining the proportions of variance for and the genetic and environmental correlations between childhood maltreatment, timing of cannabis initiation, and cannabis problems in a sample of African-American young adult female twins.