Screening for asymptomatic coronary heart disease in the young 'at risk' population: Who and how?

Abstract

Deaths due to coronary heart disease (CHD) remain high worldwide, despite recent achievements. An effective screening strategy may improve outcomes further if implemented in a high or 'at risk' cohort. Asymptomatic CHD in the young maybe underappreciated and applying an effective screening strategy to a young cohort may lead to improved outcomes due to significant socioeconomic impact from the consequences of CHD in this sub-group. A positive family history of CHD, which is known to be associated with an increased risk of future myocardial events, could aid in identifying the 'at risk' young cohort. Traditional cardiovascular risk scoring systems are in wide use but lack the sensitivity or specificity required to estimate risk in an individual. Rather their use is limited to predicting population attributable risk. Functional studies such as exercise stress tests are readily available and cost effective but do not have the required sensitivity required to suggest their use as part of a screening protocol. Coronary CT angiography has been demonstrated to have high sensitivity for the detection of CHD and therefore may be suitable for screening purposes but there are concerns regarding radiation exposure. Here we review the evidence for the use of potential screening strategies and the suitability of using such strategies to estimate risk of CHD in a young 'at risk' population.

Keywords: Coronary CT angiography; Coronary heart disease; Exercise stress echocardiography; Risk score; Screening; Young.