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. 2013 Dec 6;6(12):5700-5712.
doi: 10.3390/ma6125700.

Production of Porous β-Type Ti-40Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Comparison of Selective Laser Melting and Hot Pressing

Ksenia Zhuravleva  1   2 , Matthias Bönisch  3   4 , Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth  5   6 , Ute Hempel  7 , Arne Helth  8   9 , Thomas Gemming  10 , Mariana Calin  11 , Sergio Scudino  12 , Ludwig Schultz  13   14 , Jürgen Eckert  15   16 , Annett Gebert  17
Affiliations

Production of Porous β-Type Ti-40Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Comparison of Selective Laser Melting and Hot Pressing

Ksenia Zhuravleva et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

We used selective laser melting (SLM) and hot pressing of mechanically-alloyed β-type Ti-40Nb powder to fabricate macroporous bulk specimens (solid cylinders). The total porosity, compressive strength, and compressive elastic modulus of the SLM-fabricated material were determined as 17% ± 1%, 968 ± 8 MPa, and 33 ± 2 GPa, respectively. The alloy's elastic modulus is comparable to that of healthy cancellous bone. The comparable results for the hot-pressed material were 3% ± 2%, 1400 ± 19 MPa, and 77 ± 3 GPa. This difference in mechanical properties results from different porosity and phase composition of the two alloys. Both SLM-fabricated and hot-pressed cylinders demonstrated good in vitro biocompatibility. The presented results suggest that the SLM-fabricated alloy may be preferable to the hot-pressed alloy for biomedical applications, such as the manufacture of load-bearing metallic components for total joint replacements.

Keywords: cytotoxicity and cell proliferation; novel β-phase Ti-based alloys; static biomechanical behavior.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns of (a) sample made by selective laser melting (SLM) of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (b) a higher resolution of its (101) peak; (c) sample made by hot-pressing of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (d) a higher resolution of its (101) peak.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Bright field transmission electron microscopy (BF-TEM) image of sample made by SLM of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder showing the precipitates embedded in the β matrix. The orientation of β to the left and to the right of the vertical line of precipitates is identical; (b) Close up of a group of precipitates, some of them viewed edge-on. Their thickness varied between 10 and 20 nm; (c) Nano beam diffraction pattern recorded in [100]β zone axis with the beam positioned on a single precipitate. The arrows mark reflexes not attributable to β; (d) Selected area electron diffraction (SAED)-pattern of the β matrix demonstrating the diffuse streaking along <110>β reciprocal lattice directions; (e) Intensity profile of the rectangular area marked in (b) illustrating the intensity maxima centered between β reflexes along <110>β reciprocal lattice directions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of cross-sections of (a) sample made by SLM of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (b) its higher resolution image; (c) sample made by hot-pressing of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (d) its higher resolution image.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Micro-computed tomography (µCT) images of (a) sample made by SLM of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (b) its inner porous architecture (from image analysis); (c) sample made by hot-pressing of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (d) its inner porous architecture (from image analysis).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Stress-strain curves of (a) sample made by SLM of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and (b) sample made by hot-pressing of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Metabolic activity of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC) after 24 h of culture on a sample made by SLM of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder, a sample made by hot-pressing of Ti–40Nb ball-milled powder and a cast Ti–40Nb sample determined by MTS assay.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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