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. 2013 Dec 20;7(1):16-29.
doi: 10.3390/ma7010016.

Effect of Acid Hydrolysis Conditions on the Properties of Cellulose Nanoparticle-Reinforced Polymethylmethacrylate Composites

Guangping Han  1 , Siqi Huan  2 , Jingquan Han  3 , Zhen Zhang  4 , Qinglin Wu  5
Affiliations

Effect of Acid Hydrolysis Conditions on the Properties of Cellulose Nanoparticle-Reinforced Polymethylmethacrylate Composites

Guangping Han et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose using two concentration levels of sulfuric acid (i.e., 48 wt% and 64 wt% with produced CNPs designated as CNPs-48 and CNPs-64, respectively) followed by high-pressure homogenization. CNP-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) composite films at various CNP loadings were made using solvent exchange and solution casting methods. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) transmittance spectra between 400 and 800 nm showed that CNPs-64/PMMA composites had a significantly higher optical transmittance than that of CNPs-48/PMMA. Their transmittance decreased with increased CNP loadings. The addition of CNPs to the PMMA matrix reduced composite's coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and CNPs-64/PMMA had a lower CTE than CNPs-48/PMMA at the same CNP level. Reinforcement effect was achieved with the addition of CNPs to the PMMA matrix, especially at higher temperature levels. CNPs-64/PMMA exhibited a higher storage modulus compared with CNPs-48/PMMA material. All CNP-reinforced composites showed higher Young's modulus and tensile strengths than pure PMMA. The effect increased with increased CNP loadings in the PMMA matrix for both CNPs-64/PMMA and CNPs-48/PMMA composites. CNPs affected the Young's modulus more than they affected the tensile strength.

Keywords: PMMA; cellulose nanoparticles; mechanical properties; thermal expansion.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
TEM observation of manufactured cellulose nanoparticles (a) (CNPs)-64 and (b) CNPs-48 material.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and CNP/PMMA suspensions in dimethylformamide (DMF) at different loadings of (a) CNPs-64 and (b) CNPs-48.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Photographs of pure PMMA and CNP/PMMA composite films placed on a background paper (a: CNPs-64, b: CNPs-48), and the CNP/PMMA composite film with (c) 20 wt% CNPs-64.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
UV-vis transmittance spectra of pure PMMA and CNP/PMMA composites reinforced with (a) CNPs-48 and (b) CNPs-64.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
X-ray diffraction patterns of pure PMMA, pure cellulose materials and CNPs-48/PMMA composites at different CNP loading level.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Comparison of thermal expansion between pure PMMA and CNP/PMMA composites.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Effect of CNPs on the glass transition behavior of the composites. (A) CNPs-48/PMMA composites (Tg = 89.8, 96.8, 96.0, and 97.2 °C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% CNPs); (B) CNPs-64/PMMA composites (Tg = 91.4, 97.4, 99.4, and 103.8 °C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% CNPs).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Temperature dependence of storage modulus (E′) for PMMA and CNP/PMMA composites reinforced with (a) CNPs-48 and (b) CNPs-64.
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
(a) Tensile strength and (b) Young’s modulus of pure PMMA and CNP/PMMA films at different CNP loadings.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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