Use of higher-nicotine/tar-yield (regular full-flavor) cigarettes is associated with nicotine dependence and smoking during pregnancy among U.S. women

Abstract

The present study examined full-flavor cigarette use among women of reproductive age to assess whether use is associated with greater nicotine dependence and smoking during pregnancy. We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005-2014). Consecutive years were combined to assure sufficient numbers of pregnant women. We examined whether use of full-flavor cigarettes was associated with greater odds of nicotine dependence using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), controlling for other smoking characteristics. We next compared prevalence of smoking and use of full-flavor versus lower-yield cigarettes among non-pregnant versus pregnant women and across trimesters. Lastly, we examined whether pregnancy was associated with greater odds of using full-flavor cigarettes after controlling for potential confounders. Use of full-flavor cigarettes was associated with greater adjusted odds of nicotine dependence compared to lower yields among non-pregnant (Fagerstrom: 2.50, 95% CI: 2.32,2.70; NDSS: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.62,1.88) and pregnant (Fagerstrom: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.13,2.05; NDSS: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.12,2.10) smokers. As smoking prevalence decreased among pregnant compared to non-pregnant women (14.31±0.55% versus 22.73±0.17%), prevalence of using full-flavor cigarettes increased (54.82±1.63% versus 38.86±0.35%). Similarly, as smoking prevalence decreased from 1st to 3rd trimester (19.65±1.2%, 12.50±0.84%, 11.3±0.83%), prevalence of using full-flavor cigarettes increased (53.12±2.53%, 50.57+2.92%, 63.63±3.19%). Overall, pregnancy was associated with 1.43 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.68) greater adjusted odds of full-flavor cigarette use. These results indicate that users of full-flavor cigarettes have greater nicotine-dependence risk and lower likelihood of quitting smoking during pregnancy, relationships with potential for serious adverse maternal-infant health impacts.

Keywords: Cigarette smoking; Full-flavor cigarettes; National Survey on Drug Use and Health; Nicotine yield; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Vulnerable populations; Women of reproductive age.

Fig. 1

Bar graph showing prevalence of smoking among non-pregnant and pregnant women of reproductive age (15–44 years). Shown within each bar are the proportions of smokers whose usual brand of cigarette was machine-estimated full-flavor (black) versus a lower yield (gray). The data source is the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005–2014).

Fig. 2

Bar graph showing prevalence of smoking among non-pregnant and pregnant women of reproductive age (15–44 years), with results from the pregnant women displayed by trimester. Shown within each bar are the proportions of smokers whose usual brand of cigarette was machine-estimated full-flavor (black) versus a lower yield (gray). The data source is the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2005–2014).