Disability-free life expectancy of older French people: gender and education differentials from the PAQUID cohort

Abstract

In countries with low mortality rates, the quality of the years of life is more important to consider than total life expectancy (TLE). Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) is one of the most relevant indicators of health and the quality of life. This paper aims to estimate TLE and DFLE with four levels of severity of disability and to explore gender and educational differences in older French people. In this cohort study, four levels of disability severity were distinguished, disability being evaluated for mobility, instrumental and basic activities of daily living. For each level, TLE and DFLE were calculated using multi-state models from transition probabilities. From the population of two areas of South West France 3,777 subjects were randomly selected from the electoral rolls. At the baseline, they were aged 65 years and over, living in the community and were interviewed 6 times over the 10-year follow-up. At age 65, women lived longer than men (4.5 extra years), but shorter fully independent lives (-2.2 years). They also lived longer in each of the three degrees of disability (+4.2 years with moderate or severe disability). The higher educated lived longer (1.3 extra years at age 65), with the additional years free of disability. Regardless of age, gender and education, there appeared to be a 1-year incompressible time spent with severe disability. To conclude, these are the first health expectancies based on the longitudinal data for France. Whilst most of the studies were based on cross-sectional data, this paper gives a more realistic indicator of the health and socio-economic inequalities in France in the 1990 s.

Keywords: Aged; Disability-free life expectancy; Education; Longitudinal survey; Markov chains.

Fig. 1

Life expectancy in each level of disability by age, according to gender—the PAQUID cohort, 1988–1998

Fig. 2

Differentials in total and active life expectancy at ages 65, 75 and 85 by sex and education—the PAQUID cohort, 1988–1998. a Gender differentials. b Educational differentials. c Educational differentials in men. d Educational differentials in women. Dark grey bar difference in LE with moderate or severe disability (ILE), light grey bar difference in LE with mild disability, white bar difference in LE without any disability, black bar difference in total LE

Fig. 3

Life expectancy in each level of disability by age, according to education—the PAQUID cohort, 1988–1998